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<a href="http://blogsitegh.blogspot.com/p/contact.html">~ See Contact Info</a>Site Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02270365323542814793noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620605760327811095.post-7799061198292111122010-12-28T15:19:00.004+00:002011-01-03T15:18:47.942+00:00what is the world wide web?<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">World Wide Web</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#p-search">search</a> </div><div class="dablink">"WWW" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWW_%28disambiguation%29" title="WWW (disambiguation)">WWW (disambiguation)</a>.</div><div class="dablink">"The Web" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_%28disambiguation%29" title="Web (disambiguation)">Web (disambiguation)</a>.</div><div class="dablink">Not to be confused with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.</div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox hproduct" style="font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: left; width: 22em;"><caption class="fn" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">World Wide Web</caption><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg" title="Center"><img alt="Center" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg/200px-WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg.png" width="200" /></a><br />
The Web's historic logo designed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Inventor</th><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AHT_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-AHT-0">[1]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Launch year</th><td>1990</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Company</th><td class="brand"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Availability</th><td>Worldwide</td></tr>
</tbody></table>The <b>World Wide Web</b>, abbreviated as <b>WWW</b> and commonly known as <b>the Web</b>, is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">system</a> of interlinked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> documents accessed via the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. With a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, one can view <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> that may contain text, images, videos, and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> and navigate between them via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a>. Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, English engineer and computer scientist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Sir Tim Berners-Lee</a>, now the Director of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>, wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AHT_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-AHT-0">[1]</a></sup> At <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, Berners-Lee and Belgian computer scientist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a> proposed in 1990 to use "HyperText ... to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-W90_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-W90-1">[2]</a></sup> and publicly introduced the project in December.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup><br />
"The World-Wide Web (W3) was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, and human culture, which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of a common project."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup><br />
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<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#Function"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Function</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#Linking"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Linking</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#Dynamic_updates_of_web_pages"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dynamic updates of web pages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#WWW_prefix"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">WWW prefix</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#Privacy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Privacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#Security"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Security</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#Standards"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Standards</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#Accessibility"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Accessibility</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#Internationalization"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Internationalization</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#Statistics"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Statistics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#Speed_issues"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Speed issues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#Caching"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Caching</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">History of the World Wide Web</a></div>In the May 1970 issue of <i>Popular Science</i> magazine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> was reported to have predicted that satellites would one day "bring the accumulated knowledge of the world to your fingertips" using a console that would combine the functionality of the Xerox, telephone, television and a small computer, allowing data transfer and video conferencing around the globe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup><br />
In March 1989, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> wrote a proposal that referenced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENQUIRE" title="ENQUIRE">ENQUIRE</a>, a database and software project he had built in 1980, and described a more elaborate information management system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup><br />
With help from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a>, he published a more formal proposal (on November 12, 1990) to build a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a> project" called "WorldWideWeb" (one word, also "W3") as a "web" of "hypertext documents" to be viewed by "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">browsers</a>" using a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server" title="Client–server">client–server</a> architecture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-W90_1-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-W90-1">[2]</a></sup> This proposal estimated that a read-only web would be developed within three months and that it would take six months to achieve "the creation of new links and new material by readers, [so that] authorship becomes universal" as well as "the automatic notification of a reader when new material of interest to him/her has become available." See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_%28standard%29" title="Atom (standard)">Atom</a>, which have taken a little longer to mature.<br />
The proposal was modeled after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynatext" title="Dynatext">Dynatext</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML">SGML</a> reader by Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University. The Dynatext system, licensed by CERN, was technically advanced and was a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879:1986 to Hypermedia within <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyTime" title="HyTime">HyTime</a>, but it was considered too expensive and had an inappropriate licensing policy for use in the general high energy physics community, namely a fee for each document and each document alteration.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Web_Server.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/220px-First_Web_Server.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Web_Server.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a> used by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> at CERN became the first web server</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cern_datacenter.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cern_datacenter.jpg/220px-Cern_datacenter.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cern_datacenter.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The CERN <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datacenter" title="Datacenter">datacenter</a> in 2010 housing some www servers</div></div></div>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a> was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> and also to write the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a>, in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">first web browser</a> (which was a web editor as well); the first web server; and the first web pages,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> which described the project itself. On August 6, 1991, he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the <tt>alt.hypertext</tt> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroup" title="Newsgroup">newsgroup</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup> This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. The first photo on the web was uploaded by Berners-Lee in 1992, an image of the CERN house band <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Horribles_Cernettes" title="Les Horribles Cernettes">Les Horribles Cernettes</a>.<br />
<blockquote class="toccolours" style="display: table; float: none; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 10px;">Web as a "Side Effect" of the 40 years of Particle Physics Experiments. It happened many times during history of science that the most impressive results of large scale scientific efforts appeared far away from the main directions of those efforts... After the World War 2 the nuclear centers of almost all developed countries became the places with the highest concentration of talented scientists. For about four decades many of them were invited to the international CERN's Laboratories. So specific kind of the CERN's intellectual "entire culture" (as you called it) was constantly growing from one generation of the scientists and engineers to another. When the concentration of the human talents per square foot of the CERN's Labs reached the critical mass, it caused an intellectual explosion The Web -- crucial point of human's history -- was born... Nothing could be compared to it... We cant imagine yet the real scale of the recent shake, because there has not been so fast growing multi-dimension social-economic processes in human history... <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NextStep_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-NextStep-9">[10]</a></sup></blockquote>The first server outside Europe was set up at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAC" title="SLAC">SLAC</a> to host the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPIRES" title="SPIRES">SPIRES-HEP</a> database. Accounts differ substantially as to the date of this event. The World Wide Web Consortium says December 1992,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> whereas SLAC itself claims 1991.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup> This is supported by a W3C document entitled <i>A Little History of the World Wide Web</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup><br />
The crucial underlying concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> originated with older projects from the 1960s, such as the Hypertext Editing System (HES) at Brown University, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Xanadu" title="Project Xanadu">Project Xanadu</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLS_%28computer_system%29" title="NLS (computer system)">oN-Line System</a> (NLS). Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>'s <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilm" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a>-based "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memex" title="Memex">memex</a>", which was described in the 1945 essay "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_We_May_Think" title="As We May Think">As We May Think</a>".<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. In his book <i>Weaving The Web</i>, he explains that he had repeatedly suggested that a marriage between the two technologies was possible to members of <i>both</i> technical communities, but when no one took up his invitation, he finally tackled the project himself. In the process, he developed a system of globally unique identifiers for resources on the Web and elsewhere: the Universal Document Identifier (UDI), later known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" title="Uniform Resource Locator">Uniform Resource Locator</a> (URL) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a> (URI); the publishing language <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" title="Hypertext Markup Language">HyperText Markup Language</a> (HTML); and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup><br />
The World Wide Web had a number of differences from other hypertext systems that were then available. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones. This made it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">link rot</a>. Unlike predecessors such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a>, the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions. On April 30, 1993, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> announced<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup> that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due. Coming two months after the announcement that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_%28protocol%29" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a> protocol was no longer free to use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the Web. An early popular web browser was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViolaWWW" title="ViolaWWW">ViolaWWW</a>, which was based upon <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a>.<br />
Scholars generally agree that a turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-16">[17]</a></sup> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_%28web_browser%29" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a> web browser<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-17">[18]</a></sup> in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Supercomputing_Applications" title="National Center for Supercomputing Applications">National Center for Supercomputing Applications</a> at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a> (NCSA-UIUC), led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a>. Funding for Mosaic came from the U.S. <i>High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative</i>, a funding program initiated by the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Computing_and_Communication_Act_of_1991" title="High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991">High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991</a></i>, one of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore_and_information_technology" title="Al Gore and information technology">several computing developments</a> initiated by U.S. Senator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-18">[19]</a></sup> Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages and the Web's popularity was less than older protocols in use over the Internet, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_%28protocol%29" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Area_Information_Servers" title="Wide Area Information Servers">Wide Area Information Servers</a> (WAIS). Mosaic's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>) in October, 1994. It was founded at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA), which had pioneered the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>; a year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French national computer research lab) with support from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> DG InfSo; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University. By the end of 1994, while the total number of websites was still minute compared to present standards, quite a number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_websites_founded_before_1995" title="List of websites founded before 1995">notable websites</a> were already active, many of which are the precursors or inspiration for today's most popular services.<br />
Connected by the existing Internet, other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> were created around the world, adding international standards for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain names</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>. Since then, Berners-Lee has played an active role in guiding the development of web standards (such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup languages</a> in which web pages are composed), and in recent years has advocated his vision of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a>. The World Wide Web enabled the spread of information over the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> through an easy-to-use and flexible format. It thus played an important role in popularizing use of the Internet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-19">[20]</a></sup> Although the two terms are sometimes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflation" title="Conflation">conflated</a> in popular use, <i>World Wide Web</i> is not <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonymous</a> with <i>Internet</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-20">[21]</a></sup> The Web is an application built on top of the Internet.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Function">Function</span></h2>The terms <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and World Wide Web are often used in every-day speech without much distinction. However, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The Internet is a global system of interconnected <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networks" title="Computer networks">computer networks</a>. In contrast, the Web is one of the services that runs on the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. In short, the Web is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application</a> running on the Internet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-21">[22]</a></sup> Viewing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> of the page into a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, or by following a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlink</a> to that page or resource. The web browser then initiates a series of communication messages, behind the scenes, in order to fetch and display it.<br />
First, the server-name portion of the URL is resolved into an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> using the global, distributed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> database known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS). This IP address is necessary to contact the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">Web server</a>. The browser then requests the resource by sending an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> request to the Web server at that particular address. In the case of a typical web page, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> text of the page is requested first and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parsed</a> immediately by the web browser, which then makes additional requests for images and any other files that complete the page image. Statistics measuring a website's popularity are usually based either on the number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_view" title="Page view">page views</a> or associated server '<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_%28internet%29" title="Hit (internet)">hits</a>' (file requests) that take place.<br />
While receiving these files from the web server, browsers may progressively <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layout_engine" title="Layout engine">render</a> the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS), or other page composition languages. Any images and other resources are incorporated to produce the on-screen web page that the user sees. Most web pages contain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> to other related pages and perhaps to downloadable files, source documents, definitions and other web resources. Such a collection of useful, related resources, interconnected via hypertext links is dubbed a <i>web</i> of information. Publication on the Internet created what <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> first called the <i>WorldWideWeb</i> (in its original <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CamelCase" title="CamelCase">CamelCase</a>, which was subsequently discarded) in November 1990.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-W90_1-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-W90-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Linking">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Linking">Linking</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="158" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png/220px-WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Graphic representation of a minute fraction of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWW" title="WWW">WWW</a>, demonstrating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a></div></div></div>Over time, many web resources pointed to by hyperlinks disappear, relocate, or are replaced with different content. This makes hyperlinks obsolete, a phenomenon referred to in some circles as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">link rot</a> and the hyperlinks affected by it are often called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_link" title="Dead link">dead links</a>. The ephemeral nature of the Web has prompted many efforts to archive web sites. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, active since 1996, is one of the best-known efforts.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dynamic updates of web pages">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Dynamic_updates_of_web_pages">Dynamic updates of web pages</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_%28programming%29" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax (programming)</a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_programming_language" title="Scripting programming language">scripting language</a> that was initially developed in 1995 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a>, then of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a>, for use within web pages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hamilton_22-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-Hamilton-22">[23]</a></sup> The standardized version is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hamilton_22-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-Hamilton-22">[23]</a></sup> To overcome some of the limitations of the page-by-page model described above, some web applications also use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_%28programming%29" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">asynchronous</a> JavaScript and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>). JavaScript is delivered with the page that can make additional HTTP requests to the server, either in response to user actions such as mouse-clicks, or based on lapsed time. The server's responses are used to modify the current page rather than creating a new page with each response. Thus the server only needs to provide limited, incremental information. Since multiple Ajax requests can be handled at the same time, users can interact with a page even while data is being retrieved. Some web applications regularly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polling_%28computer_science%29" title="Polling (computer science)">poll</a> the server to ask if new information is available.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-23">[24]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: WWW prefix">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="WWW_prefix">WWW prefix</span></h3>Many domain names used for the World Wide Web begin with <i>www</i> because of the long-standing practice of naming <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> hosts (servers) according to the services they provide. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname" title="Hostname">hostname</a> for a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> is often <i>www</i>, in the same way that it may be <i>ftp</i> for an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP_server" title="FTP server">FTP server</a>, and <i>news</i> or <i>nntp</i> for a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USENET" title="USENET">USENET</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_server" title="News server">news server</a>. These host names appear as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdomain" title="Subdomain">subdomain</a> names, as in <tt>www.example.com</tt>. The use of 'www' as a subdomain name is not required by any technical or policy standard; indeed, the first ever web server was called <tt>nxoc01.cern.ch</tt>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-24">[25]</a></sup> and many web sites exist without it. Many established websites still use 'www', or they invent other subdomain names such as 'www2', 'secure', etc. Many such web servers are set up such that both the domain root (e.g., example.com) and the <i>www</i> subdomain (e.g., www.example.com) refer to the same site; others require one form or the other, or they may map to different web sites.<br />
The use of a subdomain name is useful for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_balancing_%28computing%29" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a> incoming web traffic by creating a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNAME_record" title="CNAME record">CNAME record</a> that points to a cluster of web servers. Since, currently, only a subdomain can be cname'ed the same result cannot be achieved by using the bare domain root.<br />
When a user submits an incomplete website address to a web browser in its address bar input field, some web browsers automatically try adding the prefix "www" to the beginning of it and possibly ".com", ".org" and ".net" at the end, depending on what might be missing. For example, entering 'microsoft' may be transformed to <i>http://www.microsoft.com/</i> and 'openoffice' to <i>http://www.openoffice.org</i>. This feature started appearing in early versions of Mozilla <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>, when it still had the working title 'Firebird' in early 2003.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-25">[26]</a></sup> It is reported that Microsoft was granted a US patent for the same idea in 2008, but only for mobile devices.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-26">[27]</a></sup><br />
The scheme specifier (<i>http://</i> or <i>https://</i>) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URIs</a> refers to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> and to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Secure" title="HTTP Secure">HTTP Secure</a> respectively and so defines the communication protocol to be used for the request and response. The HTTP protocol is fundamental to the operation of the World Wide Web, and the encryption involved in HTTPS adds an essential layer if confidential information such as passwords or banking information are to be exchanged over the public Internet. Web browsers usually prepend the scheme to URLs too, if omitted.<br />
In English, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_of_%22www%22" title="Pronunciation of "www""><i>www</i> is pronounced</a> by individually pronouncing the name of characters (<i>double-u double-u double-u</i>). Although some technical users pronounce it <i>dub-dub-dub</i> this is not widespread. The English writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a> once quipped in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent on Sunday</a> (1999): "The World Wide Web is the only thing I know of whose shortened form takes three times longer to say than what it's short for," with Stephen Fry later pronouncing it in his "Podgrammes" series of podcasts as "wuh wuh wuh." In Mandarin Chinese, <i>World Wide Web</i> is commonly translated via a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">phono-semantic matching</a> to <i>wàn wéi wǎng</i> (<span lang="zh" xml:lang="zh"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E7%BB%B4%E7%BD%91" title="wikt:万维网">万维网</a></span>), which satisfies <i>www</i> and literally means "myriad dimensional net",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-27">[28]</a></sup> a translation that very appropriately reflects the design concept and proliferation of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee's web-space states that <i>World Wide Web</i> is officially spelled as three separate words, each capitalized, with no intervening hyphens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-28">[29]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Privacy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Privacy">Privacy</span></h2>Computer users, who save time and money, and who gain conveniences and entertainment, may or may not have surrendered the right to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> in exchange for using a number of technologies including the Web.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bits_29-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-Bits-29">[30]</a></sup> Worldwide, more than a half billion people have used a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_service" title="Social network service">social network service</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-30">[31]</a></sup> and of Americans who grew up with the Web, half created an online profile<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-31">[32]</a></sup> and are part of a generational shift that could be changing norms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-32">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-33">[34]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> progressed from U.S. college students to a 70% non-U.S. audience, and in 2009 estimated that only 20% of its members use privacy settings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-34">[35]</a></sup> In 2010 (six years after co-founding the company), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> wrote, "we will add privacy controls that are much simpler to use".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-35">[36]</a></sup><br />
Privacy representatives from 60 countries have resolved to ask for laws to complement industry self-regulation, for education for children and other minors who use the Web, and for default protections for users of social networks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-conference_36-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-conference-36">[37]</a></sup> They also believe data protection for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information" title="Personally identifiable information">personally identifiable information</a> benefits business more than the sale of that information.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-conference_36-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-conference-36">[37]</a></sup> Users can opt-in to features in browsers to clear their personal histories locally and block some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">cookies</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_network" title="Advertising network">advertising networks</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-37">[38]</a></sup> but they are still tracked in websites' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_log" title="Server log">server logs</a>, and particularly <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_beacons" title="Web beacons">web beacons</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-38">[39]</a></sup> Berners-Lee and colleagues see hope in accountability and appropriate use achieved by extending the Web's architecture to policy awareness, perhaps with audit logging, reasoners and appliances.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weitzner_39-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-Weitzner-39">[40]</a></sup><br />
In exchange for providing free content, vendors hire advertisers who spy on Web users and base their business model on tracking them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Angwin_40-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-Angwin-40">[41]</a></sup> Since 2009, they buy and sell consumer data on exchanges (lacking a few details that could make it possible to de-anonymize, or identify an individual).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-41">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Angwin_40-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-Angwin-40">[41]</a></sup> Hundreds of millions of times per day, Lotame Solutions captures what users are typing in real time, and sends that text to OpenAmplify who then tries to determine, to quote a writer at <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, "what topics are being discussed, how the author feels about those topics, and what the person is going to do about them".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-42">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-43">[44]</a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> backed away in 2008 from its plans for strong privacy features in Internet Explorer,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-44">[45]</a></sup> leaving its users (50% of the world's Web users) open to advertisers who may make assumptions about them based on only <i>one click</i> when they visit a website.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-45">[46]</a></sup> Among services paid for by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> could collect the most data about users of commercial websites, about 2,500 bits of information per month about each typical user of its site and its affiliated advertising network sites. Yahoo! was followed by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace">MySpace</a> with about half that potential and then by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>–<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TimeWarner" title="TimeWarner">TimeWarner</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, Microsoft, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-46">[47]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Security">Security</span></h2>The Web has become criminals' preferred pathway for spreading <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>. Cybercrime carried out on the Web can include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a>, fraud, espionage and intelligence gathering.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ben-Itzhak_47-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-Ben-Itzhak-47">[48]</a></sup> Web-based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_%28computing%29" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerabilities</a> now outnumber traditional computer security concerns,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-48">[49]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-49">[50]</a></sup> and as measured by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, about one in ten web pages may contain malicious code.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-50">[51]</a></sup> Most Web-based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_%28computer%29" title="Attack (computer)">attacks</a> take place on legitimate websites, and most, as measured by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a>, are hosted in the United States, China and Russia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sophos-Q1-2008_51-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-Sophos-Q1-2008-51">[52]</a></sup> The most common of all malware <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threat_%28computer%29" title="Threat (computer)">threats</a> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_injection" title="SQL injection">SQL injection</a> attacks against websites.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-52">[53]</a></sup> Through HTML and URIs the Web was vulnerable to attacks like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site scripting</a> (XSS) that came with the introduction of JavaScript<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FGHR_53-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-FGHR-53">[54]</a></sup> and were exacerbated to some degree by Web 2.0 and Ajax <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">web design</a> that favors the use of scripts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-54">[55]</a></sup> Today by one estimate, 70% of all websites are open to XSS attacks on their users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-55">[56]</a></sup><br />
Proposed solutions vary to extremes. Large security vendors like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a> already design governance and compliance suites to meet post-9/11 regulations,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-56">[57]</a></sup> and some, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finjan" title="Finjan">Finjan</a> have recommended active real-time inspection of code and all content regardless of its source.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ben-Itzhak_47-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-Ben-Itzhak-47">[48]</a></sup> Some have argued that for enterprise to see security as a business opportunity rather than a cost center,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-57">[58]</a></sup> "ubiquitous, always-on digital rights management" enforced in the infrastructure by a handful of organizations must replace the hundreds of companies that today secure data and networks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-58">[59]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Zittrain" title="Jonathan Zittrain">Jonathan Zittrain</a> has said users sharing responsibility for computing safety is far preferable to locking down the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-59">[60]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standards">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Standards">Standards</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></div>Many formal standards and other technical specifications and software define the operation of different aspects of the World Wide Web, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, and computer information exchange. Many of the documents are the work of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C), headed by Berners-Lee, but some are produced by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) and other organizations.<br />
Usually, when web standards are discussed, the following publications are seen as foundational:<br />
<ul><li>Recommendations for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_languages" title="Markup languages">markup languages</a>, especially <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>, from the W3C. These define the structure and interpretation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> documents.</li>
<li>Recommendations for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_sheet_%28web_development%29" title="Style sheet (web development)">stylesheets</a>, especially <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a>, from the W3C.</li>
<li>Standards for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> (usually in the form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>), from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a>.</li>
<li>Recommendations for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a>, from W3C.</li>
</ul>Additional publications provide definitions of other essential technologies for the World Wide Web, including, but not limited to, the following:<br />
<ul><li><i>Uniform Resource Identifier</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a>), which is a universal system for referencing resources on the Internet, such as hypertext documents and images. URIs, often called URLs, are defined by the IETF's <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986">RFC 3986</a> / STD 66: <i>Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax</i>, as well as its predecessors and numerous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI_scheme" title="URI scheme">URI scheme</a>-defining <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_For_Comments" title="Request For Comments">RFCs</a>;</li>
<li><i>HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)</i>, especially as defined by <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616">RFC 2616</a>: <i>HTTP/1.1</i> and <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2617">RFC 2617</a>: <i>HTTP Authentication</i>, which specify how the browser and server authenticate each other.</li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Accessibility">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Accessibility">Accessibility</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></div>Access to the Web is for everyone regardless of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> including visual, auditory, physical, speech, cognitive, or neurological. Accessibility features also help others with temporary disabilities like a broken arm or the aging population as their abilities change.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WAI_60-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-WAI-60">[61]</a></sup> The Web is used for receiving information as well as providing information and interacting with society, making it essential that the Web be accessible in order to provide equal access and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equal opportunity</a> to people with disabilities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-61">[62]</a></sup> Tim Berners-Lee once noted, "The power of the Web is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WAI_60-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-WAI-60">[61]</a></sup> Many countries regulate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">web accessibility</a> as a requirement for websites.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-62">[63]</a></sup> International cooperation in the W3C <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a> led to simple guidelines that web content authors as well as software developers can use to make the Web accessible to persons who may or may not be using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WAI_60-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-WAI-60">[61]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-63">[64]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Internationalization">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Internationalization">Internationalization</span></h2>The W3C <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization</a> Activity assures that web technology will work in all languages, scripts, and cultures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-64">[65]</a></sup> Beginning in 2004 or 2005, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> gained ground and eventually in December 2007 surpassed both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> and Western European as the Web's most frequently used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-65">[66]</a></sup> Originally <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986">RFC 3986</a> allowed resources to be identified by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI">URI</a> in a subset of US-ASCII. <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987">RFC 3987</a> allows more characters—any character in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" title="Universal Character Set">Universal Character Set</a>—and now a resource can be identified by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</a> in any language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-66">[67]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Statistics">Statistics</span></h2>According to a 2001 study, there were a massive over 550 billion documents on the Web, mostly in the invisible Web, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Web" title="Deep Web">deep Web</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-67">[68]</a></sup> A 2002 survey of 2,024 million Web pages<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-68">[69]</a></sup> determined that by far the most Web content was in English: 56.4%; next were pages in German (7.7%), French (5.6%), and Japanese (4.9%). A more recent study, which used Web searches in 75 different languages to sample the Web, determined that there were over 11.5 billion Web pages in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Web" title="Surface Web">publicly indexable Web</a> as of the end of January 2005.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-69">[70]</a></sup> As of March 2009<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display: none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit" rel="nofollow">[update]</a></sup>, the indexable web contains at least 25.21 billion pages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-70">[71]</a></sup> On July 25, 2008, Google software engineers Jesse Alpert and Nissan Hajaj announced that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a> had discovered one trillion unique URLs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-71">[72]</a></sup> As of May 2009<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display: none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit" rel="nofollow">[update]</a></sup>, over 109.5 million websites operated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NI_72-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-NI-72">[73]</a></sup> Of these 74% were commercial or other sites operating in the <code>.com</code> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain" title="Generic top-level domain">generic top-level domain</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NI_72-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-NI-72">[73]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Speed issues">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Speed_issues">Speed issues</span></h2>Frustration over <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_congestion" title="Network congestion">congestion</a> issues in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> infrastructure and the high <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latency_%28engineering%29" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a> that results in slow browsing has led to a pejorative name for the World Wide Web: the <i>World Wide Wait</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-73">[74]</a></sup> Speeding up the Internet is an ongoing discussion over the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peering" title="Peering">peering</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">QoS</a> technologies. Other solutions to reduce the congestion can be found at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C" title="W3C">W3C</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-74">[75]</a></sup> Standard <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guideline" title="Guideline">guidelines</a> for ideal Web response times are:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_note-75">[76]</a></sup><br />
<ul><li>0.1 second (one tenth of a second). Ideal response time. The user doesn't sense any interruption.</li>
<li>1 second. Highest acceptable response time. Download times above 1 second interrupt the user experience.</li>
<li>10 seconds. Unacceptable response time. The user experience is interrupted and the user is likely to leave the site or system.</li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Caching">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Caching">Caching</span></h2>If a user revisits a Web page after only a short interval, the page data may not need to be re-obtained from the source Web server. Almost all web browsers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache" title="Cache">cache</a> recently obtained data, usually on the local hard drive. HTTP requests sent by a browser will usually only ask for data that has changed since the last download. If the locally cached data are still current, it will be reused. Caching helps reduce the amount of Web traffic on the Internet. The decision about expiration is made independently for each downloaded file, whether image, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">stylesheet</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, HTML, or whatever other content the site may provide. Thus even on sites with highly dynamic content, many of the basic resources only need to be refreshed occasionally. Web site designers find it worthwhile to collate resources such as CSS data and JavaScript into a few site-wide files so that they can be cached efficiently. This helps reduce page download times and lowers demands on the Web server.<br />
There are other components of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> that can cache Web content. Corporate and academic <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_%28networking%29" title="Firewall (networking)">firewalls</a> often cache Web resources requested by one user for the benefit of all. (See also <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_proxy#Caching_proxy_servers" title="Web proxy">Caching proxy server</a>.) Some <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engines" title="Search engines">search engines</a> also store cached content from websites. Apart from the facilities built into Web servers that can determine when files have been updated and so need to be re-sent, designers of dynamically generated Web pages can control the HTTP headers sent back to requesting users, so that transient or sensitive pages are not cached. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_banking" title="Online banking">Internet banking</a> and news sites frequently use this facility. Data requested with an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> 'GET' is likely to be cached if other conditions are met; data obtained in response to a 'POST' is assumed to depend on the data that was POSTed and so is not cached.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.5em 0.5em;"><table style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(249,249,249); font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png"><img alt="Crystal Clear app browser.png" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" width="28" /></a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0pt;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="-moz-column-width: 30em;"><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_web" title="Deep web">Deep web</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_websites" title="List of websites">List of websites</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestel" title="Prestel">Prestel</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_1.0" title="Web 1.0">Web 1.0</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archiving</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browser</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">Web directory</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_operating_system" title="Web operating system">Web operating system</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_science" title="Web science">Web science</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine" title="Web search engine">Web search engine</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_services" title="Web services">Web services</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website_architecture" title="Website architecture">Website architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website_governance" title="Website governance">Website governance</a></li>
</ul></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2><div class="reflist references-small references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em;"><div class="references"><ol><li id="cite_note-AHT-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-AHT_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-AHT_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/bernerslee.html" rel="nofollow">"Tim Berners Lee - Time 100 People of the Century"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/bernerslee.html" rel="nofollow">http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/bernerslee.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 17 May 2010</span>. "He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free. ."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Tim+Berners+Lee+-+Time+100+People+of+the+Century&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BTime+Magazine%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F205.188.238.181%2Ftime%2Ftime100%2Fscientist%2Fprofile%2Fbernerslee.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-W90-1">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-W90_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-W90_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-W90_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> "<span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Cailliau, Robert</a> (November 12, 1990). <a class="external text" href="http://w3.org/Proposal.html" rel="nofollow">"WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a hypertexts Project"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://w3.org/Proposal.html" rel="nofollow">http://w3.org/Proposal.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=WorldWideWeb%3A+Proposal+for+a+hypertexts+Project&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C%26%2332%3BTim&rft.au=Cailliau%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=November+12%2C+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.org%2FProposal.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Berners-Lee, Tim. <a class="external text" href="http://w3.org/2004/Talks/w3c10-HowItAllStarted/?n=15" rel="nofollow">"Pre-W3C Web and Internet Background"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://w3.org/2004/Talks/w3c10-HowItAllStarted/?n=15" rel="nofollow">http://w3.org/2004/Talks/w3c10-HowItAllStarted/?n=15</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 21, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pre-W3C+Web+and+Internet+Background&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee%2C+Tim&rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C+Tim&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.org%2F2004%2FTalks%2Fw3c10-HowItAllStarted%2F%3Fn%3D15&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> Wardrip-Fruin, Noah and Nick Montfort, ed (2003). The New Media Reader. Section 54. The MIT Press. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262232278">ISBN 0-262-23227-8</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">von Braun, Wernher (May 1979). <a class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=8QAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=66&query=a+c+clarke" rel="nofollow">"TV Broadcast Satellite"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=8QAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=66&query=a+c+clarke" rel="nofollow">http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=8QAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=66&query=a+c+clarke</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 11, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=TV+Broadcast+Satellite&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.aulast=von+Braun&rft.aufirst=Wernher&rft.au=von+Braun%2C%26%2332%3BWernher&rft.date=May+1979&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Farchive-viewer%3Fid%3D8QAAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3D66%26query%3Da%2Bc%2Bclarke&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Berners-Lee, Tim (March 1989). <a class="external text" href="http://w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html" rel="nofollow">"Information Management: A Proposal"</a>. W3C<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html" rel="nofollow">http://w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Information+Management%3A+A+Proposal&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C%26%2332%3BTim&rft.date=March+1989&rft.pub=W3C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.org%2FHistory%2F1989%2Fproposal.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb" rel="nofollow">"Tim Berners-Lee: client"</a>. W3.org<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb" rel="nofollow">http://w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Tim+Berners-Lee%3A+client&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=W3.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.org%2FPeople%2FBerners-Lee%2FWorldWideWeb&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html" rel="nofollow">"First Web pages"</a>. W3.org<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html" rel="nofollow">http://w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=First+Web+pages&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=W3.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.org%2FHistory%2F19921103-hypertext%2Fhypertext%2FWWW%2FTheProject.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://groups.google.com/group/alt.hypertext/msg/395f282a67a1916c" rel="nofollow">"Short summary of the World Wide Web project"</a>. Groups.google.com. August 6, 1991<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://groups.google.com/group/alt.hypertext/msg/395f282a67a1916c" rel="nofollow">http://groups.google.com/group/alt.hypertext/msg/395f282a67a1916c</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Short+summary+of+the+World+Wide+Web+project&rft.atitle=&rft.date=August+6%2C+1991&rft.pub=Groups.google.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Falt.hypertext%2Fmsg%2F395f282a67a1916c&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NextStep-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-NextStep_9-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.netvalley.com/cgi-bin/intval/net_history.pl?chapter=2" rel="nofollow">Roads and Crossroads of Internet History</a> by Gregory Gromov</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://w3.org/2005/01/timelines/timeline-2500x998.png" rel="nofollow">"W3C timeline"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://w3.org/2005/01/timelines/timeline-2500x998.png" rel="nofollow">http://w3.org/2005/01/timelines/timeline-2500x998.png</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 30, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=W3C+timeline&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.org%2F2005%2F01%2Ftimelines%2Ftimeline-2500x998.png&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://slac.stanford.edu/spires/about/" rel="nofollow">"About SPIRES"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://slac.stanford.edu/spires/about/" rel="nofollow">http://slac.stanford.edu/spires/about/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 30, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=About+SPIRES&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fslac.stanford.edu%2Fspires%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/history.shtml" rel="nofollow">"The Early World Wide Web at SLAC"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/history.shtml" rel="nofollow">http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/history.shtml</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Early+World+Wide+Web+at+SLAC&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slac.stanford.edu%2Fhistory%2Fearlyweb%2Fhistory.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/History.html" rel="nofollow">"A Little History of the World Wide Web"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/History.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/History.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Little+History+of+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/berners-lee.html" rel="nofollow">"Inventor of the Week Archive: The World Wide Web"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>: MIT School of Engineering<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/berners-lee.html" rel="nofollow">http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/berners-lee.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 23, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Inventor+of+the+Week+Archive%3A+The+World+Wide+Web&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BMassachusetts+Institute+of+Technology%5D%5D%3A+MIT+School+of+Engineering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Finvent%2Fiow%2Fberners-lee.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Welcome.html" rel="nofollow">"Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software"</a>. Tenyears-www.web.cern.ch. April 30, 2003<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Welcome.html" rel="nofollow">http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Welcome.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ten+Years+Public+Domain+for+the+Original+Web+Software&rft.atitle=&rft.date=April+30%2C+2003&rft.pub=Tenyears-www.web.cern.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftenyears-www.web.cern.ch%2Ftenyears-www%2FWelcome.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://livinginternet.com/w/wi_mosaic.htm" rel="nofollow">"Mosaic Web Browser History - NCSA, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina"</a>. Livinginternet.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://livinginternet.com/w/wi_mosaic.htm" rel="nofollow">http://livinginternet.com/w/wi_mosaic.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mosaic+Web+Browser+History+-+NCSA%2C+Marc+Andreessen%2C+Eric+Bina&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Livinginternet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivinginternet.com%2Fw%2Fwi_mosaic.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://totic.org/nscp/demodoc/demo.html" rel="nofollow">"NCSA Mosaic - September 10, 1993 Demo"</a>. Totic.org<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://totic.org/nscp/demodoc/demo.html" rel="nofollow">http://totic.org/nscp/demodoc/demo.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=NCSA+Mosaic+-+September+10%2C+1993+Demo&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Totic.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftotic.org%2Fnscp%2Fdemodoc%2Fdemo.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://cs.washington.edu/homes/lazowska/faculty.lecture/innovation/gore.html" rel="nofollow">"Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech"</a>. Cs.washington.edu. February 14, 1996<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://cs.washington.edu/homes/lazowska/faculty.lecture/innovation/gore.html" rel="nofollow">http://cs.washington.edu/homes/lazowska/faculty.lecture/innovation/gore.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Vice+President+Al+Gore%27s+ENIAC+Anniversary+Speech&rft.atitle=&rft.date=February+14%2C+1996&rft.pub=Cs.washington.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.washington.edu%2Fhomes%2Flazowska%2Ffaculty.lecture%2Finnovation%2Fgore.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Internet" rel="nofollow">"Internet legal definition of Internet"</a>. <i>West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2</i>. Free Online Law Dictionary. July 15, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Internet" rel="nofollow">http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Internet</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 25, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Internet+legal+definition+of+Internet&rft.atitle=West%27s+Encyclopedia+of+American+Law%2C+edition+2&rft.date=July+15%2C+2009&rft.pub=Free+Online+Law+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2FInternet&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://techterms.com/definition/www" rel="nofollow">"WWW (World Wide Web) Definition"</a>. TechTerms<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://techterms.com/definition/www" rel="nofollow">http://techterms.com/definition/www</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved february 19 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=WWW+%28World+Wide+Web%29+Definition&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=TechTerms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechterms.com%2Fdefinition%2Fwww&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/technology" rel="nofollow">"The W3C Technology Stack"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/technology" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/Consortium/technology</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 21, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+W3C+Technology+Stack&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FConsortium%2Ftechnology&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hamilton-22">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-Hamilton_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-Hamilton_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web">Hamilton, Naomi (July 31, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://computerworld.com.au/article/255293/-z_programming_languages_javascript" rel="nofollow">"The A-Z of Programming Languages: JavaScript"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. IDG<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://computerworld.com.au/article/255293/-z_programming_languages_javascript" rel="nofollow">http://computerworld.com.au/article/255293/-z_programming_languages_javascript</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 12, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+A-Z+of+Programming+Languages%3A+JavaScript&rft.atitle=Computerworld&rft.aulast=Hamilton%2C+Naomi&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Naomi&rft.date=July+31%2C+2008&rft.pub=IDG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomputerworld.com.au%2Farticle%2F255293%2F-z_programming_languages_javascript&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Buntin, Seth (23 September 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://buntin.org/2008/sep/23/jquery-polling-plugin/" rel="nofollow">"jQuery Polling plugin"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://buntin.org/2008/sep/23/jquery-polling-plugin/" rel="nofollow">http://buntin.org/2008/sep/23/jquery-polling-plugin/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-08-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=jQuery+Polling+plugin&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Buntin&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft.au=Buntin%2C%26%2332%3BSeth&rft.date=23+September+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuntin.org%2F2008%2Fsep%2F23%2Fjquery-polling-plugin%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html" rel="nofollow">"Frequently asked questions by the Press - Tim Berners-Lee"</a>. W3.org<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html" rel="nofollow">http://w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Frequently+asked+questions+by+the+Press+-+Tim+Berners-Lee&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=W3.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.org%2FPeople%2FBerners-Lee%2FFAQ.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://forums.mozillazine.org/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=10980" rel="nofollow">"automatically adding www.___.com"</a>. mozillaZine. May 16, 2003<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://forums.mozillazine.org/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=10980" rel="nofollow">http://forums.mozillazine.org/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=10980</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=automatically+adding+www.___.com&rft.atitle=&rft.date=May+16%2C+2003&rft.pub=mozillaZine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforums.mozillazine.org%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D9%26t%3D10980&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Masnick, Mike (July 7, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://techdirt.com/articles/20080626/0203581527.shtml" rel="nofollow">"Microsoft Patents Adding 'www.' And '.com' To Text"</a>. Techdirt<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://techdirt.com/articles/20080626/0203581527.shtml" rel="nofollow">http://techdirt.com/articles/20080626/0203581527.shtml</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Patents+Adding+%27www.%27+And+%27.com%27+To+Text&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Masnick&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Masnick%2C%26%2332%3BMike&rft.date=July+7%2C+2008&rft.pub=Techdirt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20080626%2F0203581527.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://us.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=translate&trst=0&trqs=World+Wide+Web&trlang=&wddmtm=0" rel="nofollow">"MDBG Chinese-English dictionary - Translate"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://us.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=translate&trst=0&trqs=World+Wide+Web&trlang=&wddmtm=0" rel="nofollow">http://us.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=translate&trst=0&trqs=World+Wide+Web&trlang=&wddmtm=0</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MDBG+Chinese-English+dictionary+-+Translate&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.mdbg.net%2Fchindict%2Fchindict.php%3Fpage%3Dtranslate%26trst%3D0%26trqs%3DWorld%2BWide%2BWeb%26trlang%3D%26wddmtm%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html" rel="nofollow">"Frequently asked questions by the Press - Tim BL"</a>. W3.org<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html" rel="nofollow">http://w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Frequently+asked+questions+by+the+Press+-+Tim+BL&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=W3.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.org%2FPeople%2FBerners-Lee%2FFAQ.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Bits-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-Bits_29-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Abelson, Hal; Ledeen, Ken; Lewis, Harry Lewis (April 14, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://bitsbook.com/" rel="nofollow">"1–2"</a>. <i>Blown to Bits: Your Life, Liberty, and Happiness After the Digital Explosion</i>. Addison Wesley. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-713559-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-713559-9">0-13-713559-9</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://bitsbook.com/" rel="nofollow">http://bitsbook.com/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 6, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=1%E2%80%932&rft.atitle=Blown+to+Bits%3A+Your+Life%2C+Liberty%2C+and+Happiness+After+the+Digital+Explosion&rft.aulast=Abelson&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft.au=Abelson%2C%26%2332%3BHal&rft.au=Ledeen%2C%26%2332%3BKen&rft.au=Lewis%2C%26%2332%3BHarry+Lewis&rft.date=April+14%2C+2008&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.isbn=0-13-713559-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsbook.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="citation press release">comScore (August 12, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=2396" rel="nofollow">"Social Networking Explodes Worldwide as Sites Increase their Focus on Cultural Relevance"</a>. Press release<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=2396" rel="nofollow">http://comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=2396</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 9, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Social+Networking+Explodes+Worldwide+as+Sites+Increase+their+Focus+on+Cultural+Relevance&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=comScore&rft.au=comScore&rft.date=August+12%2C+2008&rft.series=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomscore.com%2Fpress%2Frelease.asp%3Fpress%3D2396&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Lenhart, Amanda; Madden, Mary (April 18, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080306031923/http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Teens_Privacy_SNS_Report_Final.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Teens, Privacy & Online Social Networks"</a> (PDF). Pew Internet & American Life Project. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Teens_Privacy_SNS_Report_Final.pdf" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 2008-03-06<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080306031923/http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Teens_Privacy_SNS_Report_Final.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://web.archive.org/web/20080306031923/http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Teens_Privacy_SNS_Report_Final.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 9, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Teens%2C+Privacy+%26+Online+Social+Networks&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lenhart&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Lenhart%2C%26%2332%3BAmanda&rft.au=Madden%2C%26%2332%3BMary&rft.date=April+18%2C+2007&rft.pub=Pew+Internet+%26+American+Life+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080306031923%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewinternet.org%2Fpdfs%2FPIP_Teens_Privacy_SNS_Report_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="citation">Schmidt, Eric (Google). (October 20, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://youtube.com/watch?v=rD_x9LW5QRg" rel="nofollow"><i>Eric Schmidt at Bloomberg on the Future of Technology</i></a>. YouTube. Event occurs at 16:30<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://youtube.com/watch?v=rD_x9LW5QRg" rel="nofollow">http://youtube.com/watch?v=rD_x9LW5QRg</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 9, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eric+Schmidt+at+Bloomberg+on+the+Future+of+Technology&rft.aulast=Schmidt%2C+Eric+%28Google%29.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Eric+%28Google%29.&rft.date=October+20%2C+2008&rft.pages=Event+occurs+at+16%3A30&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyoutube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DrD_x9LW5QRg&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Nussbaum, Emily (February 12, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/news/features/27341/" rel="nofollow">"Say Everything"</a>. <i>New York</i> (New York Media)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://nymag.com/news/features/27341/" rel="nofollow">http://nymag.com/news/features/27341/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 9, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Say+Everything&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.aulast=Nussbaum%2C+Emily&rft.au=Nussbaum%2C+Emily&rft.date=February+12%2C+2007&rft.pub=New+York+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F27341%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Stone, Brad (March 28, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://nytimes.com/2009/03/29/technology/internet/29face.html?pagewanted=all" rel="nofollow">"Is Facebook Growing Up Too Fast?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://nytimes.com/2009/03/29/technology/internet/29face.html?pagewanted=all" rel="nofollow">http://nytimes.com/2009/03/29/technology/internet/29face.html?pagewanted=all</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+Facebook+Growing+Up+Too+Fast%3F&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Stone%2C+Brad&rft.au=Stone%2C+Brad&rft.date=March+28%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F29%2Ftechnology%2Finternet%2F29face.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> and <span class="citation news">Lee Byron (Facebook) (March 28, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://nytimes.com/imagepages/2009/03/29/business/29face.graf01.ready.html" rel="nofollow">"The Road to 200 Million"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://nytimes.com/imagepages/2009/03/29/business/29face.graf01.ready.html" rel="nofollow">http://nytimes.com/imagepages/2009/03/29/business/29face.graf01.ready.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 2, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+200+Million&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Lee+Byron+%28Facebook%29&rft.au=Lee+Byron+%28Facebook%29&rft.date=March+28%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnytimes.com%2Fimagepages%2F2009%2F03%2F29%2Fbusiness%2F29face.graf01.ready.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Zuckerberg, Mark (May 24, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/23/AR2010052303828.html" rel="nofollow">"From Facebook, answering privacy concerns with new settings"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/23/AR2010052303828.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/23/AR2010052303828.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 24, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+Facebook%2C+answering+privacy+concerns+with+new+settings&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.aulast=Zuckerberg%2C+Mark&rft.au=Zuckerberg%2C+Mark&rft.date=May+24%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F05%2F23%2FAR2010052303828.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-conference-36">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-conference_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-conference_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation press release"><a class="external text" href="http://www.privacyconference2008.org/pdf/press_final_en.pdf" rel="nofollow">"30th International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners"</a> (PDF). Press release. October 17, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.privacyconference2008.org/pdf/press_final_en.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.privacyconference2008.org/pdf/press_final_en.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 8, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=30th+International+Conference+of+Data+Protection+and+Privacy+Commissioners&rft.atitle=&rft.date=October+17%2C+2008&rft.series=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.privacyconference2008.org%2Fpdf%2Fpress_final_en.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Cooper, Alissa (October 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cdt.org/privacy/20081022_browser_priv.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Browser Privacy Features: A Work In Progress"</a> (PDF). Center for Democracy and Technology<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.cdt.org/privacy/20081022_browser_priv.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.cdt.org/privacy/20081022_browser_priv.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 8, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Browser+Privacy+Features%3A+A+Work+In+Progress&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cooper%2C+Alissa&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Alissa&rft.date=October+2008&rft.pub=Center+for+Democracy+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdt.org%2Fprivacy%2F20081022_browser_priv.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Joshua Gomez, Travis Pinnick, and Ashkan Soltani (June 1, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.knowprivacy.org/report/KnowPrivacy_Final_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow">"KnowPrivacy"</a> (PDF). University of California, Berkeley, School of Information. pp. 8–9<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.knowprivacy.org/report/KnowPrivacy_Final_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.knowprivacy.org/report/KnowPrivacy_Final_Report.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 2, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=KnowPrivacy&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Joshua+Gomez%2C+Travis+Pinnick%2C+and+Ashkan+Soltani&rft.au=Joshua+Gomez%2C+Travis+Pinnick%2C+and+Ashkan+Soltani&rft.date=June+1%2C+2009&rft.pages=pp.+8%E2%80%939&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley%2C+School+of+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowprivacy.org%2Freport%2FKnowPrivacy_Final_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Weitzner-39"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-Weitzner_39-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Daniel J. Weitzner, Harold Abelson, Tim Berners-Lee, Joan Feigenbaum, James Hendler, Gerald Jay Sussman (June 13, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37600" rel="nofollow">"Information Accountability"</a>. MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37600" rel="nofollow">http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37600</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 6, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Information+Accountability&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Daniel+J.+Weitzner%2C+Harold+Abelson%2C+Tim+Berners-Lee%2C+Joan+Feigenbaum%2C+James+Hendler%2C+Gerald+Jay+Sussman&rft.au=Daniel+J.+Weitzner%2C+Harold+Abelson%2C+Tim+Berners-Lee%2C+Joan+Feigenbaum%2C+James+Hendler%2C+Gerald+Jay+Sussman&rft.date=June+13%2C+2007&rft.pub=MIT+Computer+Science+and+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1721.1%2F37600&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Angwin-40">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-Angwin_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-Angwin_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Angwin, Julia (July 30, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703940904575395073512989404.html" rel="nofollow">"The Web's New Gold Mine: Your Secrets"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> (Dow Jones)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703940904575395073512989404.html" rel="nofollow">http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703940904575395073512989404.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 3, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Web%27s+New+Gold+Mine%3A+Your+Secrets&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Angwin%2C+Julia&rft.au=Angwin%2C+Julia&rft.date=July+30%2C+2010&rft.pub=Dow+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748703940904575395073512989404.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Steel, Emily and Angwin, Julia (August 4, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703294904575385532109190198.html" rel="nofollow">"On the Web's Cutting Edge, Anonymity in Name Only"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> (Dow Jones)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703294904575385532109190198.html" rel="nofollow">http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703294904575385532109190198.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 3, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+Web%27s+Cutting+Edge%2C+Anonymity+in+Name+Only&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Steel%2C+Emily+and+Angwin%2C+Julia&rft.au=Steel%2C+Emily+and+Angwin%2C+Julia&rft.date=August+4%2C+2010&rft.pub=Dow+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748703294904575385532109190198.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Angwin, Julia and Valentino-DeVries, Jennifer (July 30, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2010/07/30/analyzing-what-you-have-typed/" rel="nofollow">"Analyzing What You Have Typed"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> (Dow Jones)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2010/07/30/analyzing-what-you-have-typed/" rel="nofollow">http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2010/07/30/analyzing-what-you-have-typed/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 3, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analyzing+What+You+Have+Typed&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Angwin%2C+Julia+and+Valentino-DeVries%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Angwin%2C+Julia+and+Valentino-DeVries%2C+Jennifer&rft.date=July+30%2C+2010&rft.pub=Dow+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fdigits%2F2010%2F07%2F30%2Fanalyzing-what-you-have-typed%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Valentino-Devries, Jennifer (July 31, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703999304575399041849931612.html" rel="nofollow">"What They Know About You"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> (Dow Jones)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703999304575399041849931612.html" rel="nofollow">http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703999304575399041849931612.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 3, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+They+Know+About+You&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Valentino-Devries%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Valentino-Devries%2C+Jennifer&rft.date=July+31%2C+2010&rft.pub=Dow+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748703999304575399041849931612.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Wingfield, Nick (August 2, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703467304575383530439838568.html" rel="nofollow">"Microsoft Quashed Effort to Boost Online Privacy"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> (Dow Jones)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703467304575383530439838568.html" rel="nofollow">http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703467304575383530439838568.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 3, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Quashed+Effort+to+Boost+Online+Privacy&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Wingfield%2C+Nick&rft.au=Wingfield%2C+Nick&rft.date=August+2%2C+2010&rft.pub=Dow+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748703467304575383530439838568.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Steel, Emily and Angwin, Julia (August 4, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704017904575409021400239454.html" rel="nofollow">"One Smart Cookie"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> (Dow Jones)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704017904575409021400239454.html" rel="nofollow">http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704017904575409021400239454.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 3, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=One+Smart+Cookie&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Steel%2C+Emily+and+Angwin%2C+Julia&rft.au=Steel%2C+Emily+and+Angwin%2C+Julia&rft.date=August+4%2C+2010&rft.pub=Dow+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748704017904575409021400239454.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Story, Louise and comScore (March 10, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/03/10/technology/20080310_PRIVACY_GRAPHIC.html" rel="nofollow">"They Know More Than You Think"</a> (JPEG). <i>The New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/03/10/technology/20080310_PRIVACY_GRAPHIC.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/03/10/technology/20080310_PRIVACY_GRAPHIC.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=They+Know+More+Than+You+Think&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Story%2C+Louise+and+comScore&rft.au=Story%2C+Louise+and+comScore&rft.date=March+10%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fimagepages%2F2008%2F03%2F10%2Ftechnology%2F20080310_PRIVACY_GRAPHIC.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> in <span class="citation news">Story, Louise (March 10, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html" rel="nofollow">"To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> (The New York Times Company)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 9, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=To+Aim+Ads%2C+Web+Is+Keeping+Closer+Eye+on+You&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Story%2C+Louise&rft.au=Story%2C+Louise&rft.date=March+10%2C+2008&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F10%2Ftechnology%2F10privacy.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Ben-Itzhak-47">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-Ben-Itzhak_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-Ben-Itzhak_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Ben-Itzhak, Yuval (April 18, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2008/04/18/230345/infosecurity-2008-new-defence-strategy-in-battle-against.htm" rel="nofollow">"Infosecurity 2008 - New defence strategy in battle against e-crime"</a>. <i>ComputerWeekly</i> (Reed Business Information)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2008/04/18/230345/infosecurity-2008-new-defence-strategy-in-battle-against.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2008/04/18/230345/infosecurity-2008-new-defence-strategy-in-battle-against.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 20, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Infosecurity+2008+-+New+defence+strategy+in+battle+against+e-crime&rft.jtitle=ComputerWeekly&rft.aulast=Ben-Itzhak%2C+Yuval&rft.au=Ben-Itzhak%2C+Yuval&rft.date=April+18%2C+2008&rft.pub=Reed+Business+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerweekly.com%2FArticles%2F2008%2F04%2F18%2F230345%2Finfosecurity-2008-new-defence-strategy-in-battle-against.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Christey, Steve and Martin, Robert A. (May 22, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://cwe.mitre.org/documents/vuln-trends/index.html" rel="nofollow">"Vulnerability Type Distributions in CVE (version 1.1)"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MITRE_Corporation" title="MITRE Corporation">MITRE Corporation</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://cwe.mitre.org/documents/vuln-trends/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://cwe.mitre.org/documents/vuln-trends/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 7, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Vulnerability+Type+Distributions+in+CVE+%28version+1.1%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Christey%2C+Steve+and+Martin%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Christey%2C+Steve+and+Martin%2C+Robert+A.&rft.date=May+22%2C+2007&rft.pub=%5B%5BMITRE+Corporation%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcwe.mitre.org%2Fdocuments%2Fvuln-trends%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">(PDF) <a class="external text" href="http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_exec_summary_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf" rel="nofollow"><i>Symantec Internet Security Threat Report: Trends for July–December 2007 (Executive Summary)</i></a>. <b>XIII</b>. Symantec Corp.. April 2008. pp. 1–2<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_exec_summary_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_exec_summary_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 11, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symantec+Internet+Security+Threat+Report%3A+Trends+for+July%E2%80%93December+2007+%28Executive+Summary%29&rft.date=April+2008&rft.volume=XIII&rft.pages=pp.+1%E2%80%932&rft.pub=Symantec+Corp.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feval.symantec.com%2Fmktginfo%2Fenterprise%2Fwhite_papers%2Fb-whitepaper_exec_summary_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6645895.stm" rel="nofollow">"Google searches web's dark side"</a>. BBC News. May 11, 2007<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6645895.stm" rel="nofollow">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6645895.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 26, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Google+searches+web%27s+dark+side&rft.atitle=&rft.date=May+11%2C+2007&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F6645895.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Sophos-Q1-2008-51"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-Sophos-Q1-2008_51-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sophos.com/sophos/docs/eng/marketing_material/sophos-threat-report-Q108.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Security Threat Report"</a> (PDF). Sophos. Q1 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sophos.com/sophos/docs/eng/marketing_material/sophos-threat-report-Q108.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.sophos.com/sophos/docs/eng/marketing_material/sophos-threat-report-Q108.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 24, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Security+Threat+Report&rft.atitle=&rft.date=Q1+2008&rft.pub=Sophos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fsophos%2Fdocs%2Feng%2Fmarketing_material%2Fsophos-threat-report-Q108.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sophos.com/sophos/docs/eng/papers/sophos-security-report-jul08-srna.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Security threat report"</a> (PDF). Sophos. July 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sophos.com/sophos/docs/eng/papers/sophos-security-report-jul08-srna.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.sophos.com/sophos/docs/eng/papers/sophos-security-report-jul08-srna.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 24, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Security+threat+report&rft.atitle=&rft.date=July+2008&rft.pub=Sophos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fsophos%2Fdocs%2Feng%2Fpapers%2Fsophos-security-report-jul08-srna.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FGHR-53"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-FGHR_53-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Fogie, Seth, Jeremiah Grossman, Robert Hansen, and Anton Rager (2007) (PDF). <a class="external text" href="http://www.syngress.com/book_catalog//SAMPLE_1597491543.pdf" rel="nofollow"><i>Cross Site Scripting Attacks: XSS Exploits and Defense</i></a>. Syngress, Elsevier Science & Technology. pp. 68–69, 127. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597491543" title="Special:BookSources/1597491543">1597491543</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.syngress.com/book_catalog//SAMPLE_1597491543.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.syngress.com/book_catalog//SAMPLE_1597491543.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 6, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross+Site+Scripting+Attacks%3A+XSS+Exploits+and+Defense&rft.aulast=Fogie%2C+Seth%2C+Jeremiah+Grossman%2C+Robert+Hansen%2C+and+Anton+Rager&rft.au=Fogie%2C+Seth%2C+Jeremiah+Grossman%2C+Robert+Hansen%2C+and+Anton+Rager&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B68%E2%80%9369%2C+127&rft.pub=Syngress%2C+Elsevier+Science+%26+Technology&rft.isbn=1597491543&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syngress.com%2Fbook_catalog%2F%2FSAMPLE_1597491543.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since September 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">O'Reilly, Tim (September 30, 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html" rel="nofollow">"What Is Web 2.0"</a>. O'Reilly Media. pp. 4–5<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 4, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+Is+Web+2.0&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly%2C+Tim&rft.au=O%27Reilly%2C+Tim&rft.date=September+30%2C+2005&rft.pages=pp.+4%E2%80%935&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreillynet.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Foreilly%2Ftim%2Fnews%2F2005%2F09%2F30%2Fwhat-is-web-20.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> and AJAX web applications can introduce security vulnerabilities like "client-side security controls, increased attack surfaces, and new possibilities for Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)", in <span class="citation Journal">Ritchie, Paul (March 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080625065122/http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/research/Sep07_Ajax.pdf" rel="nofollow">"The security risks of AJAX/web 2.0 applications"</a> (PDF). <i>Infosecurity</i> (Elsevier). Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/research/Sep07_Ajax.pdf" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 2008-06-25<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080625065122/http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/research/Sep07_Ajax.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://web.archive.org/web/20080625065122/http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/research/Sep07_Ajax.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 6, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+security+risks+of+AJAX%2Fweb+2.0+applications&rft.jtitle=Infosecurity&rft.aulast=Ritchie%2C+Paul&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Paul&rft.date=March+2007&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080625065122%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.infosecurity-magazine.com%2Fresearch%2FSep07_Ajax.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> which cites <span class="citation news">Hayre, Jaswinder S. and Kelath, Jayasankar (June 22, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1868" rel="nofollow">"Ajax Security Basics"</a>. SecurityFocus<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1868" rel="nofollow">http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1868</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 6, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ajax+Security+Basics&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hayre%2C+Jaswinder+S.+and+Kelath%2C+Jayasankar&rft.au=Hayre%2C+Jaswinder+S.+and+Kelath%2C+Jayasankar&rft.date=June+22%2C+2006&rft.pub=SecurityFocus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.securityfocus.com%2Finfocus%2F1868&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Berinato, Scott (January 1, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080418072230/http://www.csoonline.com/article/221113" rel="nofollow">"Software Vulnerability Disclosure: The Chilling Effect"</a>. <i>CSO</i> (CXO Media): p. 7. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.csoonline.com/article/221113" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 2008-04-18<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080418072230/http://www.csoonline.com/article/221113" rel="nofollow">http://web.archive.org/web/20080418072230/http://www.csoonline.com/article/221113</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 7, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Software+Vulnerability+Disclosure%3A+The+Chilling+Effect&rft.jtitle=CSO&rft.aulast=Berinato%2C+Scott&rft.au=Berinato%2C+Scott&rft.date=January+1%2C+2007&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B7&rft.pub=CXO+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080418072230%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.csoonline.com%2Farticle%2F221113&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Prince, Brian (April 9, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/McAfee-Governance-Risk-and-Compliance-Business-Unit/" rel="nofollow">"McAfee Governance, Risk and Compliance Business Unit"</a>. <i>eWEEK</i> (Ziff Davis Enterprise Holdings)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/McAfee-Governance-Risk-and-Compliance-Business-Unit/" rel="nofollow">http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/McAfee-Governance-Risk-and-Compliance-Business-Unit/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 25, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=McAfee+Governance%2C+Risk+and+Compliance+Business+Unit&rft.jtitle=eWEEK&rft.aulast=Prince%2C+Brian&rft.au=Prince%2C+Brian&rft.date=April+9%2C+2008&rft.pub=Ziff+Davis+Enterprise+Holdings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eweek.com%2Fc%2Fa%2FSecurity%2FMcAfee-Governance-Risk-and-Compliance-Business-Unit%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Preston, Rob (April 12, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/client/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207100989" rel="nofollow">"Down To Business: It's Past Time To Elevate The Infosec Conversation"</a>. <i>InformationWeek</i> (United Business Media)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/client/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207100989" rel="nofollow">http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/client/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207100989</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 25, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Down+To+Business%3A+It%27s+Past+Time+To+Elevate+The+Infosec+Conversation&rft.jtitle=InformationWeek&rft.aulast=Preston%2C+Rob&rft.au=Preston%2C+Rob&rft.date=April+12%2C+2008&rft.pub=United+Business+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fnews%2Fsecurity%2Fclient%2FshowArticle.jhtml%3FarticleID%3D207100989&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Claburn, Thomas (February 6, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=197003826" rel="nofollow">"RSA's Coviello Predicts Security Consolidation"</a>. <i>InformationWeek</i> (United Business Media)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=197003826" rel="nofollow">http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=197003826</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 25, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=RSA%27s+Coviello+Predicts+Security+Consolidation&rft.jtitle=InformationWeek&rft.aulast=Claburn%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Claburn%2C+Thomas&rft.date=February+6%2C+2007&rft.pub=United+Business+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fnews%2Fsecurity%2FshowArticle.jhtml%3FarticleID%3D197003826&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Duffy Marsan, Carolyn (April 9, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.networkworld.com/news/2008/040908-zittrain.html" rel="nofollow">"How the iPhone is killing the 'Net"</a>. <i>Network World</i> (IDG)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.networkworld.com/news/2008/040908-zittrain.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.networkworld.com/news/2008/040908-zittrain.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 17, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+the+iPhone+is+killing+the+%27Net&rft.jtitle=Network+World&rft.aulast=Duffy+Marsan&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Duffy+Marsan%2C%26%2332%3BCarolyn&rft.date=April+9%2C+2008&rft.pub=IDG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F040908-zittrain.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WAI-60">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-WAI_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-WAI_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-WAI_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/l" rel="nofollow">"Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/l" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/WAI/l</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 7, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Web+Accessibility+Initiative+%28WAI%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FWAI%2Fl&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since September 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/Overview" rel="nofollow">"Developing a Web Accessibility Business Case for Your Organization: Overview"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/Overview" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/Overview</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 7, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Developing+a+Web+Accessibility+Business+Case+for+Your+Organization%3A+Overview&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FWAI%2Fbcase%2FOverview&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since September 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/pol" rel="nofollow">"Legal and Policy Factors in Developing a Web Accessibility Business Case for Your Organization"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/pol" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/pol</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 7, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Legal+and+Policy+Factors+in+Developing+a+Web+Accessibility+Business+Case+for+Your+Organization&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FWAI%2Fbcase%2Fpol&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/wcag.php" rel="nofollow">"Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) Overview"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/wcag.php" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/wcag.php</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 7, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Web+Content+Accessibility+Guidelines+%28WCAG%29+Overview&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FWAI%2Fintro%2Fwcag.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/International/" rel="nofollow">"Internationalization (I18n) Activity"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/International/" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/International/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 10, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Internationalization+%28I18n%29+Activity&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FInternational%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Davis, Mark (April 5, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/05/moving-to-unicode-51.html" rel="nofollow">"Moving to Unicode 5.1"</a>. Google<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/05/moving-to-unicode-51.html" rel="nofollow">http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/05/moving-to-unicode-51.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 10, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Moving+to+Unicode+5.1&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Davis%2C+Mark&rft.au=Davis%2C+Mark&rft.date=April+5%2C+2008&rft.pub=Google&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogleblog.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F05%2Fmoving-to-unicode-51.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <span class="citation press release">World Wide Web Consortium (January 26, 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2004/11/uri-iri-pressrelease.html" rel="nofollow">"World Wide Web Consortium Supports the IETF URI Standard and IRI Proposed Standard"</a>. Press release<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/2004/11/uri-iri-pressrelease.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/2004/11/uri-iri-pressrelease.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 10, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World+Wide+Web+Consortium+Supports+the+IETF+URI+Standard+and+IRI+Proposed+Standard&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.au=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=January+26%2C+2005&rft.series=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2004%2F11%2Furi-iri-pressrelease.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080404044203/http://www.brightplanet.com/resources/details/deepweb.html" rel="nofollow">"The 'Deep' Web: Surfacing Hidden Value"</a>. Brightplanet.com. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.brightplanet.com/resources/details/deepweb.html" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 2008-04-04<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080404044203/http://www.brightplanet.com/resources/details/deepweb.html" rel="nofollow">http://web.archive.org/web/20080404044203/http://www.brightplanet.com/resources/details/deepweb.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+%27Deep%27+Web%3A+Surfacing+Hidden+Value&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Brightplanet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080404044203%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.brightplanet.com%2Fresources%2Fdetails%2Fdeepweb.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.netz-tipp.de/languages.html" rel="nofollow">"Distribution of languages on the Internet"</a>. Netz-tipp.de<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.netz-tipp.de/languages.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.netz-tipp.de/languages.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Distribution+of+languages+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Netz-tipp.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netz-tipp.de%2Flanguages.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Alessio Signorini. <a class="external text" href="http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~asignori/web-size/" rel="nofollow">"Indexable Web Size"</a>. Cs.uiowa.edu<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~asignori/web-size/" rel="nofollow">http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~asignori/web-size/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Indexable+Web+Size&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Alessio+Signorini&rft.au=Alessio+Signorini&rft.pub=Cs.uiowa.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.uiowa.edu%2F%7Easignori%2Fweb-size%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/" rel="nofollow">"The size of the World Wide Web"</a>. Worldwidewebsize.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+size+of+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Worldwidewebsize.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwidewebsize.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Alpert, Jesse; Hajaj, Nissan (July 25, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/07/we-knew-web-was-big.html" rel="nofollow">"We knew the web was big..."</a>. <i>The Official Google Blog</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/07/we-knew-web-was-big.html" rel="nofollow">http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/07/we-knew-web-was-big.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=We+knew+the+web+was+big...&rft.atitle=The+Official+Google+Blog&rft.aulast=Alpert&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.au=Alpert%2C%26%2332%3BJesse&rft.date=July+25%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogleblog.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F07%2Fwe-knew-web-was-big.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NI-72">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-NI_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-NI_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.domaintools.com/internet-statistics/" rel="nofollow">"Domain Counts & Internet Statistics"</a>. Name Intelligence<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.domaintools.com/internet-statistics/" rel="nofollow">http://www.domaintools.com/internet-statistics/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 17, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Domain+Counts+%26+Internet+Statistics&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Name+Intelligence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.domaintools.com%2Finternet-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=world+wide+wait" rel="nofollow">"World Wide Wait"</a>. <i>TechEncyclopedia</i>. United Business Media<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=world+wide+wait" rel="nofollow">http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=world+wide+wait</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 10, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World+Wide+Wait&rft.atitle=TechEncyclopedia&rft.pub=United+Business+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techweb.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fdefineterm.jhtml%3Fterm%3Dworld%2Bwide%2Bwait&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Khare, Rohit and Jacobs, Ian (1999). <a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/NL-PerfNote.html" rel="nofollow">"W3C Recommendations Reduce 'World Wide Wait'"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/NL-PerfNote.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/Protocols/NL-PerfNote.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 10, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=W3C+Recommendations+Reduce+%27World+Wide+Wait%27&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Khare%2C+Rohit+and+Jacobs%2C+Ian&rft.au=Khare%2C+Rohit+and+Jacobs%2C+Ian&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FProtocols%2FNL-PerfNote.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#cite_ref-75">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Nielsen, Jakob (from Miller 1968; Card et al. 1991) (1994). <a class="external text" href="http://www.useit.com/papers/responsetime.html" rel="nofollow">"Usability Engineering: Response Times: The Three Important Limits"</a>. Morgan Kaufmann<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.useit.com/papers/responsetime.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.useit.com/papers/responsetime.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 10, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Usability+Engineering%3A+Response+Times%3A+The+Three+Important+Limits&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Nielsen%2C+Jakob+%28from+Miller+1968%3B+Card+et+al.+1991%29&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Jakob+%28from+Miller+1968%3B+Card+et+al.+1991%29&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.useit.com%2Fpapers%2Fresponsetime.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
</ol></div></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><ul><li>Niels Brügger, ed. <i>Web History</i> (2010) 362 pages; Historical perspective on the World Wide Web, including issues of culture, content, and preservation.</li>
<li><span class="citation Journal">Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystyk, H.; Masinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). <a class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2616.txt" rel="nofollow"><i>Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP/1.1</i></a>. Request For Comments 2616. Information Sciences Institute<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2616.txt" rel="nofollow">ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2616.txt</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Transfer+Protocol+%E2%80%94+HTTP%2F1.1&rft.aulast=Fielding%2C+R.%3B+Gettys%2C+J.%3B+Mogul%2C+J.%3B+Frystyk%2C+H.%3B+Masinter%2C+L.%3B+Leach%2C+P.%3B+Berners-Lee%2C+T.&rft.au=Fielding%2C+R.%3B+Gettys%2C+J.%3B+Mogul%2C+J.%3B+Frystyk%2C+H.%3B+Masinter%2C+L.%3B+Leach%2C+P.%3B+Berners-Lee%2C+T.&rft.date=June+1999&rft.series=Request+For+Comments+2616&rft.pub=Information+Sciences+Institute&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.isi.edu%2Fin-notes%2Frfc2616.txt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation Journal">Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jeckle, Mario; Lilley, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orchard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stuart (December 15, 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/" rel="nofollow"><i>Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One</i></a>. Version 20041215. W3C<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+World+Wide+Web%2C+Volume+One&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee%2C+Tim%3B+Bray%2C+Tim%3B+Connolly%2C+Dan%3B+Cotton%2C+Paul%3B+Fielding%2C+Roy%3B+Jeckle%2C+Mario%3B+Lilley%2C+Chris%3B+Mendelsohn%2C+Noah%3B+Orchard%2C+David%3B+Walsh%2C+Norman%3B+Williams%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C+Tim%3B+Bray%2C+Tim%3B+Connolly%2C+Dan%3B+Cotton%2C+Paul%3B+Fielding%2C+Roy%3B+Jeckle%2C+Mario%3B+Lilley%2C+Chris%3B+Mendelsohn%2C+Noah%3B+Orchard%2C+David%3B+Walsh%2C+Norman%3B+Williams%2C+Stuart&rft.date=December+15%2C+2004&rft.series=Version+20041215&rft.pub=W3C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fwebarch%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation web">Polo, Luciano (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://newdevices.com/publicaciones/www/" rel="nofollow">"World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis"</a>. <i>New Devices</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://newdevices.com/publicaciones/www/" rel="nofollow">http://newdevices.com/publicaciones/www/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 31, 2005</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World+Wide+Web+Technology+Architecture%3A+A+Conceptual+Analysis&rft.atitle=New+Devices&rft.aulast=Polo%2C+Luciano&rft.au=Polo%2C+Luciano&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewdevices.com%2Fpublicaciones%2Fwww%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation web">Skau, H.O. (March 1990). <a class="external text" href="http://newdevices.com/publicaciones/www/" rel="nofollow">"The World Wide Web and Health Information"</a>. <i>New Devices</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://newdevices.com/publicaciones/www/" rel="nofollow">http://newdevices.com/publicaciones/www/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1989</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+World+Wide+Web+and+Health+Information&rft.atitle=New+Devices&rft.aulast=Skau%2C+H.O.&rft.au=Skau%2C+H.O.&rft.date=March+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewdevices.com%2Fpublicaciones%2Fwww%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:World_Wide_Web"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Web&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="40" /></td><td class="mbox-text">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of <br />
<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nets,_Webs_and_the_Information_Infrastructure" title="wikibooks:Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure">Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure</a></b></i></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/" rel="nofollow">Early archive of the first Web site</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/" rel="nofollow">Internet Statistics: Growth and Usage of the Web and the Internet</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/w/w.htm" rel="nofollow">Living Internet</a> A comprehensive history of the Internet, including the World Wide Web.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development/" rel="nofollow">Web Design and Development</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/" rel="nofollow">World Wide Web Consortium</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/" rel="nofollow">World Wide Web Size</a> Daily estimated size of the World Wide Web.</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://tofocus.info/english-internet-population.php" rel="nofollow">Internet Usage statistics and analysis for English websites</a></li>
</ul><span id="interwiki-ur-fa"></span><br />
<div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web</a>"</div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_Wide_Web" title="Category:World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:English_inventions" title="Category:English inventions">English inventions</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Human-computer_interaction" title="Category:Human-computer interaction">Human-computer interaction</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Information_Age" title="Category:Information Age">Information Age</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1989_introductions" title="Category:1989 introductions">1989 introductions</a></span></div>Site Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02270365323542814793noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620605760327811095.post-59732443782839050792010-12-28T15:17:00.003+00:002011-01-03T15:18:47.942+00:00What is internet?<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Internet</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#p-search">search</a> </div><div class="dablink">This article is about the public worldwide computer network system. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_%28disambiguation%29" title="Internet (disambiguation)">Internet (disambiguation)</a>.</div><div class="metadata topicon" id="protected-icon" style="display: none; right: 55px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism."><img alt="Page semi-protected" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Padlock-silver-slash.svg/20px-Padlock-silver-slash.svg.png" width="20" /></a></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/300px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" width="300" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Visualization from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opte_Project" title="Opte Project">Opte Project</a> of the various routes through a portion of the Internet</div></div></div>The <b>Internet</b> is a global system of interconnected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> that use the standard <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" title="Internet Protocol Suite">Internet Protocol Suite</a> (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a <i>network of networks</i> that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> resources and services, such as the inter-linked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> documents of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW) and the infrastructure to support <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail">electronic mail</a>.<br />
Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet. Newspaper, book and other print publishing are having to adapt to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_site" title="Web site">Web sites</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogging" title="Blogging">blogging</a>. The Internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of human interactions through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_service" title="Social network service">social networking</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a> has boomed both for major retail outlets and small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> and traders. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-to-business" title="Business-to-business">Business-to-business</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a> on the Internet affect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chains</a> across entire industries.<br />
The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s with both private and United States military research into robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer networks. The funding of a new U.S. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_backbone" title="Network backbone">backbone</a> by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercialization" title="Commercialization">commercialization</a> of what was by then an international network in the mid 1990s resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's population used the services of the Internet.<br />
The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_space" title="Name space">name spaces</a> in the Internet, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">Internet Protocol address</a> space and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a>, are directed by a maintainer organization, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a> (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>) is an activity of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.<br />
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<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Terminology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Technology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Technology</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Protocols"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Protocols</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Structure"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Structure</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Governance"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Governance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Modern_uses"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Modern uses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Services"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Services</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Information"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Information</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Communication"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Communication</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Data_transfer"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Data transfer</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Access"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Access</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Social_impact"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Social impact</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology">Terminology</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_capitalization_conventions" title="Internet capitalization conventions">Internet capitalization conventions</a></div><i>Internet</i> is a short form of the technical term "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetwork" title="Internetwork">internetwork</a>",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> the result of interconnecting computer networks with special gateways (routers). The Internet is also often referred to as <i>the Net</i>.<br />
The term <i>the Internet</i>, when referring to the entire global system of IP networks, has traditionally been treated as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper noun</a> and written with an initial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_letter" title="Capital letter">capital letter</a>. In the media and popular culture a trend has developed to regard it as a generic term or common noun and thus write it as "the internet", without capitalization.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handbuch_Webdesign-InternetDatenaustausch.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Handbuch_Webdesign-InternetDatenaustausch.jpg/220px-Handbuch_Webdesign-InternetDatenaustausch.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handbuch_Webdesign-InternetDatenaustausch.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Depiction of the Internet as a <i>cloud</i> in network diagrams</div></div></div>The terms <i>Internet</i> and <i>World Wide Web</i> are often used in everyday speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> are not one and the same. The Internet is a global data communications system. It is a hardware and software <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> that provides connectivity between computers. In contrast, the Web is one of the services communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_%28Web%29" title="Resource (Web)">resources</a>, linked by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URLs</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
In many technical illustrations when the precise location or interrelation of Internet resources is not important, extended networks such as the Internet are often depicted as a cloud.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup> The verbal image has been formalized in the newer concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>'s launch of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a> spurred the United States to create the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (ARPA or DARPA) in February <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_in_science" title="1958 in science">1958</a> to regain a technological lead.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup><br />
<blockquote class="toccolours" style="display: table; float: none; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 10px;"><br />
<dl><dd>1957 - October 4th - the USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite.</dd><dd>1958 - February 7th - In response to the launch of Sputnik, the US Department of Defense issues directive 5105.15 establishing the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).</dd></dl>The organization united some of America's most brilliant people, who developed the United States' first successful satellite in 18 months. Several years later ARPA began to focus on computer networking and communications technology.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NetValley_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-NetValley-5">[6]</a></sup></blockquote><br />
ARPA created the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Processing_Technology_Office" title="Information Processing Technology Office">Information Processing Technology Office</a> (IPTO) to further the research of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi_Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Semi Automatic Ground Environment">Semi Automatic Ground Environment</a> (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> systems together for the first time. The IPTO's purpose was to find ways to address the US military's concern about survivability of their communications networks, and as a first step interconnect their computers at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon" title="Pentagon">Pentagon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain" title="Cheyenne Mountain">Cheyenne Mountain</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command headquarters (SAC)</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a>, a promoter of universal networking, was selected to head the IPTO. Licklider moved from the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_in_science" title="1950 in science">1950</a>, after becoming interested in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>. At MIT, he served on a committee that established <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a> and worked on the SAGE project. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_in_science" title="1957 in science">1957</a> he became a Vice President at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBN_Technologies" title="BBN Technologies">BBN</a>, where he bought the first production <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-1" title="PDP-1">PDP-1</a> computer and conducted the first public demonstration of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a>.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard-Kleinrock-and-IMP1.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="217" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Leonard-Kleinrock-and-IMP1.png/170px-Leonard-Kleinrock-and-IMP1.png" width="170" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard-Kleinrock-and-IMP1.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Professor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> with one of the first ARPANET <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processors</a> at UCLA</div></div></div>At the IPTO, Licklider's successor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a> in 1965 got <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_%28scientist%29" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Lawrence Roberts</a> to start a project to make a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup> who had written an exhaustive study for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> that recommended <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> (opposed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit switching</a>) to achieve better network robustness and disaster survivability. Roberts had worked at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">MIT Lincoln Laboratory</a> originally established to work on the design of the SAGE system. UCLA professor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> had provided the theoretical foundations for packet networks in 1962, and later, in the 1970s, for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_routing" title="Hierarchical routing">hierarchical routing</a>, concepts which have been the underpinning of the development towards today's Internet.<br />
Sutherland's successor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taylor_%28computer_scientist%29" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a> convinced Roberts to build on his early packet switching successes and come and be the IPTO Chief Scientist. Once there, Roberts prepared a report called Resource Sharing Computer Networks which was approved by Taylor in June 1968 and laid the foundation for the launch of the working ARPANET the following year.<br />
After much work, the first two nodes of what would become the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> were interconnected between Kleinrock's Network Measurement Center at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Samueli_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science">UCLA's School of Engineering and Applied Science</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart's</a> NLS system at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a> (SRI) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a>, on 29 October 1969. The third site on the ARPANET was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics center at the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the fourth was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> Graphics Department. In an early sign of future growth, there were already fifteen sites connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971.<br />
The ARPANET was one of the <i>eve</i> networks of today's Internet. In an independent development, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">UK National Physical Laboratory</a> also discovered the concept of packet switching in the early 1960s, first giving a talk on the subject in 1965, after which the teams in the new field from two sides of the Atlantic ocean first became acquainted. It was actually Davies' coinage of the wording "packet" and "packet switching" that was adopted as the standard terminology. Davies also built a packet switched network in the UK called the Mark I in 1970. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), the private contractors for ARPANET, set out to create a separate commercial version after establishing "value added carriers" was legalized in the U.S.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup> The network they established was called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> and began operation in 1975, installing free public <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_access" title="Dial-up access">dial-up access</a> in cities throughout the U.S. Telenet was the first packet-switching network open to the general public.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup><br />
Following the demonstration that packet switching worked on the ARPANET, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office_%28United_Kingdom%29" title="General Post Office (United Kingdom)">British Post Office</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DATAPAC" title="DATAPAC">DATAPAC</a> and TRANSPAC collaborated to create the first international packet-switched network service. In the UK, this was referred to as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Packet_Switched_Service" title="International Packet Switched Service">International Packet Switched Service</a> (IPSS), in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_science" title="1978 in science">1978</a>. The collection of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a>-based networks grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. The X.25 packet switching standard was developed in the CCITT (now called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>) around 1976.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birth_of_the_Internet.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="227" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Birth_of_the_Internet.jpg/170px-Birth_of_the_Internet.jpg" width="170" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birth_of_the_Internet.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A plaque commemorating the birth of the Internet at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></div></div></div>X.25 was independent of the TCP/IP protocols that arose from the experimental work of DARPA on the ARPANET, Packet Radio Net and Packet Satellite Net during the same time period.<br />
The early ARPANET ran on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Control_Program" title="Network Control Program">Network Control Program</a> (NCP), implementing the host-to-host connectivity and switching layers of the protocol stack, designed and first implemented in December 1970 by a team called the Network Working Group (NWG) led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Crocker" title="Steve Crocker">Steve Crocker</a>. To respond to the network's rapid growth as more and more locations connected, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinton_Cerf" title="Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kahn" title="Bob Kahn">Robert Kahn</a> developed the first description of the now widely used TCP protocols during 1973 and published a paper on the subject in May 1974. Use of the term "Internet" to describe a single global <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP_network" title="TCP/IP network">TCP/IP network</a> originated in December 1974 with the publication of <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc675">RFC 675</a>, the first full specification of TCP that was written by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, then at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. During the next nine years, work proceeded to refine the protocols and to implement them on a wide range of operating systems. The first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" title="Internet Protocol Suite">TCP/IP</a>-based wide-area network was operational by 1 January 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over from the older NCP protocols. In 1985, the United States' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF) commissioned the construction of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNET" title="NSFNET">NSFNET</a>, a university 56 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobit" title="Kilobit">kilobit</a>/second network backbone using computers called "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzball_router" title="Fuzzball router">fuzzballs</a>" by their inventor, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Mills" title="David L. Mills">David L. Mills</a>. The following year, NSF sponsored the conversion to a higher-speed 1.5 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbps" title="Mbps">megabit/second</a> network. A key decision to use the DARPA <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> protocols was made by Dennis Jennings, then in charge of the Supercomputer program at NSF.<br />
The opening of the NSFNET to other networks began in 1988.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> The US Federal Networking Council approved the interconnection of the NSFNET to the commercial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCI_Mail" title="MCI Mail">MCI Mail</a> system in that year and the link was made in the summer of 1989. Other commercial electronic mail services were soon connected, including OnTyme, Telemail and Compuserve. In that same year, three commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began operations: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a>, and CERFNET. Important, separate networks that offered gateways into, then later merged with, the Internet include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a>. Various other commercial and educational networks, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> (by that time renamed to Sprintnet), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compuserve" title="Compuserve">Compuserve</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a> were interconnected with the growing Internet in the 1980s as the TCP/IP protocol became increasingly popular. The adaptability of TCP/IP to existing communication networks allowed for rapid growth. The open availability of the specifications and reference code permitted commercial vendors to build interoperable network components, such as routers, making standardized network gear available from many companies. This aided in the rapid growth of the Internet and the proliferation of local-area networking. It seeded the widespread implementation and rigorous standardization of TCP/IP on <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> and virtually every other common operating system.<br />
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Web_Server.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/220px-First_Web_Server.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Web_Server.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a> was used by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Sir Tim Berners-Lee">Sir Tim Berners-Lee</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> and became the world's first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">Web server</a>.</div></div></div>Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost two decades, the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s. On 6 August 1991, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, a pan European organization for particle research, publicized the new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> project. The Web was invented by British scientist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> in 1989. An early popular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViolaWWW" title="ViolaWWW">ViolaWWW</a>, patterned after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a> and built using the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>. It was eventually replaced in popularity by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_%28web_browser%29" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a> web browser. In 1993, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Supercomputing_Applications" title="National Center for Supercomputing Applications">National Center for Supercomputing Applications</a> at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois</a> released version 1.0 of Mosaic, and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously academic, technical Internet. By 1996 usage of the word <i>Internet</i> had become commonplace, and consequently, so had its use as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a> in reference to the World Wide Web.<br />
Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a>, have remained separate). During the late 1990s, it was estimated that traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 percent per year, while the mean annual growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be between 20% and 50%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup> This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary open nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup> The estimated population of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_users" title="Internet users">Internet users</a> is 1.97 billion as of 30 June 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stats1_13-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-stats1-13">[14]</a></sup><br />
From 2009 onward, the Internet is expected to grow significantly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (BRICI countries). These countries have large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> and moderate to high economic growth, but still low Internet penetration rates. In 2009, the BRICI countries represented about 45 percent of the world's population and had approximately 610 million Internet users, but by 2015, Internet users in BRICI countries will double to 1.2 billion, and will triple in Indonesia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Technology">Technology</span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Protocols">Protocols</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" title="Internet Protocol Suite">Internet Protocol Suite</a></div>The complex communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture. While the hardware can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and the rigorous standardization process of the software architecture that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success. The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems has been delegated to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-16">[17]</a></sup> The IETF conducts standard-setting work groups, open to any individual, about the various aspects of Internet architecture. Resulting discussions and final standards are published in a series of publications, each called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a> (RFC), freely available on the IETF web site. The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in specially designated RFCs that constitute the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Standard" title="Internet Standard">Internet Standards</a>. Other less rigorous documents are simply informative, experimental, or historical, or document the best current practices (BCP) when implementing Internet technologies.<br />
The Internet Standards describe a framework known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" title="Internet Protocol Suite">Internet Protocol Suite</a>. This is a model architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols (<a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1122">RFC 1122</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123">RFC 1123</a>). The layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate. At the top is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_Layer" title="Application Layer">Application Layer</a>, the space for the application-specific networking methods used in software applications, e.g., a web browser program. Below this top layer, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer" title="Transport Layer">Transport Layer</a> connects applications on <i>different hosts</i> via the network (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server model</a>) with appropriate data exchange methods. Underlying these layers are the core networking technologies, consisting of two layers. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Layer" title="Internet Layer">Internet Layer</a> enables computers to identify and locate each other via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">Internet Protocol (IP) addresses</a>, and allows them to connect to one-another via intermediate (transit) networks. Lastly, at the bottom of the architecture, is a software layer, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Layer" title="Link Layer">Link Layer</a>, that provides connectivity between hosts on the same local network link, such as a local area network (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN" title="LAN">LAN</a>) or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access" title="Dial-up Internet access">dial-up connection</a>. The model, also known as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>, is designed to be independent of the underlying hardware which the model therefore does not concern itself with in any detail. Other models have been developed, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Systems_Interconnection" title="Open Systems Interconnection">Open Systems Interconnection</a> (OSI) model, but they are not compatible in the details of description, nor implementation, but many similarities exist and the TCP/IP protocols are usually included in the discussion of OSI networking.<br />
The most prominent component of the Internet model is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) which provides addressing systems (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a>) for computers on the Internet. IP enables <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a> and essentially establishes the Internet itself. IP Version 4 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a>) is the initial version used on the first generation of the today's Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed to address up to ~4.3 billion (10<sup>9</sup>) Internet hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4_address_exhaustion" title="IPv4 address exhaustion">IPv4 address exhaustion</a> which is estimated to enter its final stage in approximately 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-17">[18]</a></sup> A new protocol version, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>, was developed in the mid 1990s which provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> is currently in commercial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_deployment" title="IPv6 deployment">deployment</a> phase around the world and Internet address registries (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">RIRs</a>) have begun to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and conversion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-18">[19]</a></sup><br />
IPv6 is not interoperable with IPv4. It essentially establishes a "parallel" version of the Internet not directly accessible with IPv4 software. This means software upgrades or translator facilities are necessary for every networking device that needs to communicate on the IPv6 Internet. Most modern computer operating systems are already converted to operate with both versions of the Internet Protocol. Network infrastructures, however, are still lagging in this development. Aside from the complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts (e.g., <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peering_agreement" title="Peering agreement">peering agreements</a>), and by technical specifications or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol" title="Communications protocol">protocols</a> that describe how to exchange <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> over the network. Indeed, the Internet is defined by its interconnections and routing policies.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Structure">Structure</span></h3>The Internet structure and its usage characteristics have been studied extensively. It has been determined that both the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale-free_network" title="Scale-free network">scale-free networks</a>. Similar to the way the commercial Internet providers connect via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange points</a>, research networks tend to interconnect into large subnetworks such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEANT" title="GEANT">GEANT</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLORIAD" title="GLORIAD">GLORIAD</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a> (successor of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a>), and the UK's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_research_and_education_network" title="National research and education network">national research and education network</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a>. These in turn are built around smaller networks (see also the list of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_computer_network_organizations" title="Category:Academic computer network organizations">academic computer network organizations</a>).<br />
Many computer scientists describe the Internet as a "prime example of a large-scale, highly engineered, yet highly complex system".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-19">[20]</a></sup> The Internet is extremely heterogeneous; for instance, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transfer_rate" title="Data transfer rate">data transfer rates</a> and physical characteristics of connections vary widely. The Internet exhibits "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergent phenomena</a>" that depend on its large-scale organization. For example, data transfer rates exhibit temporal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-similarity" title="Self-similarity">self-similarity</a>. The principles of the routing and addressing methods for traffic in the Internet reach back to their origins the 1960s when the eventual scale and popularity of the network could not be anticipated. Thus, the possibility of developing alternative structures is investigated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-20">[21]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Governance">Governance</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Internet governance</a></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Icannheadquarters.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="168" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Icannheadquarters.jpg/220px-Icannheadquarters.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Icannheadquarters.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>ICANN headquarters in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Del_Rey" title="Marina Del Rey">Marina Del Rey</a>, California, United States</div></div></div>The Internet is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_network" title="Global network">globally distributed network</a> comprising many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body. However, to maintain interoperability, all technical and policy aspects of the underlying core infrastructure and the principal <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_space" title="Name space">name spaces</a> are administered by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a> (ICANN), headquartered in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_del_Rey,_California" title="Marina del Rey, California">Marina del Rey, California</a>. ICANN is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain names</a>, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, application port numbers in the transport protocols, and many other parameters. Globally unified name spaces, in which names and numbers are uniquely assigned, are essential for the global reach of the Internet. ICANN is governed by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and other non-commercial communities. The US government continues to have the primary role in approving changes to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_root_zone" title="DNS root zone">DNS root zone</a> that lies at the heart of the domain name system. ICANN's role in coordinating the assignment of unique identifiers distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body on the global Internet. On 16 November 2005, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a>, held in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, established the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">Internet Governance Forum</a> (IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_uses">Modern uses</span></h2>The Internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a>.<br />
The Internet can now be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, especially through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Internet_device" title="Mobile Internet device">mobile Internet devices</a>. Mobile phones, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datacard" title="Datacard">datacards</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld game consoles</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_router" title="Cellular router">cellular routers</a> allow users to connect to the Internet from anywhere there is a wireless network supporting that device's technology. Within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities of such pocket-sized devices, services of the Internet, including email and the web, may be available. Service providers may restrict the services offered and wireless data transmission charges may be significantly higher than other access methods.<br />
Educational material at all levels from pre-school to post-doctoral is available from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a>. Examples range from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBeebies" title="CBeebies">CBeebies</a>, through school and high-school revision guides, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_university" title="Virtual university">virtual universities</a>, to access to top-end scholarly literature through the likes of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a>, help with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homework" title="Homework">homework</a> and other assignments, self-guided learning, whiling away spare time, or just looking up more detail on an interesting fact, it has never been easier for people to access educational information at any level from anywhere. The Internet in general and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> in particular are important enablers of both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education">formal</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_education" title="Informal education">informal education</a>.<br />
The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaborative</a> work dramatically easier, with the help of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">collaborative software</a>. Not only can a group cheaply communicate and share ideas, but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups to easily form in the first place. An example of this is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a>, which has produced, among other programs, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a>. Internet "chat", whether in the form of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a> chat rooms or channels, or via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> systems, allow colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way when working at their computers during the day. Messages can be exchanged even more quickly and conveniently than via e-mail. Extensions to these systems may allow files to be exchanged, "whiteboard" drawings to be shared or voice and video contact between team members.<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">Version control</a> systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents without either accidentally overwriting each other's work or having members wait until they get "sent" documents to be able to make their contributions. Business and project teams can share calendars as well as documents and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific research, software development, conference planning, political activism and creative writing. Social and political collaboration is also becoming more widespread as both Internet access and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_literacy" title="Computer literacy">computer literacy</a> grow. From the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_mob" title="Flash mob">flash mob</a> 'events' of the early 2000s to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_of_the_Internet_during_2009_Iranian_election_protests#Use_of_social_networking" title="Role of the Internet during 2009 Iranian election protests">use of social networking in the 2009 Iranian election protests</a>, the Internet allows people to work together more effectively and in many more ways than was possible without it.<br />
The Internet allows computer users to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_access" title="Remote access">remotely access</a> other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world. They may do this with or without the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a>, authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements. This is encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountancy" title="Accountancy">accountant</a> sitting at home can <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">audit</a> the books of a company based in another country, on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_%28computing%29" title="Server (computing)">server</a> situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working bookkeepers, in other remote locations, based on information e-mailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_line" title="Leased line">leased lines</a> would have made many of them infeasible in practice. An office worker away from their desk, perhaps on the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can open a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol" title="Remote Desktop Protocol">remote desktop</a> session into his normal office PC using a secure <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Network" title="Virtual Private Network">Virtual Private Network</a> (VPN) connection via the Internet. This gives the worker complete access to all of his or her normal files and data, including e-mail and other applications, while away from the office. This concept has been referred to among <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">system administrators</a> as the Virtual Private Nightmare,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-21">[22]</a></sup> because it extends the secure perimeter of a corporate network into its employees' homes.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Services">Services</span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Information">Information</span></h3>Many people use the terms <i>Internet</i> and <i>World Wide Web</i>, or just the <i>Web</i>, interchangeably, but the two terms are not <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymous" title="Synonymous">synonymous</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> is a global set of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documents" title="Documents">documents</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">images</a> and other resources, logically interrelated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> and referenced with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">Uniform Resource Identifiers</a> (URIs). URIs allow providers to symbolically identify services and clients to locate and address <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_servers" title="Web servers">web servers</a>, file servers, and other databases that store documents and provide resources and access them using the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP), the primary carrier protocol of the Web. HTTP is only one of the hundreds of communication protocols used on the Internet. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">Web services</a> may also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data.<br />
World Wide Web browser software, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_%28web_browser%29" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_%28web_browser%29" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>, let users navigate from one web page to another via hyperlinks embedded in the documents. These documents may also contain any combination of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data" title="Computer data">computer data</a>, including graphics, sounds, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">text</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_video" title="Web video">video</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> and interactive content including <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_game" title="Web game">games</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_applications" title="Office applications">office applications</a> and scientific demonstrations. Through <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_%28Internet_search%29" title="Keyword (Internet search)">keyword</a>-driven <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_research" title="Internet research">Internet research</a> using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine" title="Web search engine">search engines</a> like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Search" title="Yahoo! Search">Yahoo!</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_%28search_engine%29" title="Google (search engine)">Google</a>, users worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to printed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedias</a> and traditional <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libraries" title="Libraries">libraries</a>, the World Wide Web has enabled the decentralization of information.<br />
The Web has also enabled individuals and organizations to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish" title="Publish">publish</a> ideas and information to a potentially large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a> online at greatly reduced expense and time delay. Publishing a web page, a blog, or building a website involves little initial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost" title="Cost">cost</a> and many cost-free services are available. Publishing and maintaining large, professional web sites with attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition, however. Many individuals and some companies and groups use <i>web logs</i> or blogs, which are largely used as easily updatable online diaries. Some commercial organizations encourage <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employees" title="Employees">staff</a> to communicate advice in their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result. One example of this practice is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developer" title="Software developer">product developers</a> publish their personal blogs in order to pique the public's interest in their work. Collections of personal web pages published by large service providers remain popular, and have become increasingly sophisticated. Whereas operations such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelfire" title="Angelfire">Angelfire</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoCities" title="GeoCities">GeoCities</a> have existed since the early days of the Web, newer offerings from, for example, Facebook and MySpace currently have large followings. These operations often brand themselves as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_service" title="Social network service">social network services</a> rather than simply as web page hosts.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Advertising</a> on popular web pages can be lucrative, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> or the sale of products and services directly via the Web continues to grow.<br />
When the Web began in the 1990s, a typical web page was stored in completed form on a web server, formatted with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, ready to be sent to a user's browser in response to a request. Over time, the process of creating and serving web pages has become more automated and more dynamic. Websites are often created using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">content management</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of a club or other organization or members of the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose, while casual visitors view and read this content in its final HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Communication">Communication</span></h3><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail">E-mail</a> is an important communications service available on the Internet. The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Today it can be important to distinguish between internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to them. Pictures, documents and other files can be sent as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_attachment" title="E-mail attachment">e-mail attachments</a>. E-mails can be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_copy" title="Carbon copy">cc-ed</a> to multiple <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_addresses" title="E-mail addresses">e-mail addresses</a>.<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_telephony" title="Internet telephony">Internet telephony</a> is another common communications service made possible by the creation of the Internet. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> stands for Voice-over-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a>, referring to the protocol that underlies all Internet communication. The idea began in the early 1990s with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkie</a>-like voice applications for personal computers. In recent years many VoIP systems have become as easy to use and as convenient as a normal telephone. The benefit is that, as the Internet carries the voice traffic, VoIP can be free or cost much less than a traditional telephone call, especially over long distances and especially for those with always-on Internet connections such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">cable</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a>. VoIP is maturing into a competitive alternative to traditional telephone service. Interoperability between different providers has improved and the ability to call or receive a call from a traditional telephone is available. Simple, inexpensive VoIP network adapters are available that eliminate the need for a personal computer.<br />
Voice quality can still vary from call to call but is often equal to and can even exceed that of traditional calls. Remaining problems for VoIP include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency telephone number</a> dialing and reliability. Currently, a few VoIP providers provide an emergency service, but it is not universally available. Traditional phones are line-powered and operate during a power failure; VoIP does not do so without a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">backup power source</a> for the phone equipment and the Internet access devices. VoIP has also become increasingly popular for gaming applications, as a form of communication between players. Popular VoIP clients for gaming include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrilo" title="Ventrilo">Ventrilo</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamspeak" title="Teamspeak">Teamspeak</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> also offer VoIP chat features.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Data_transfer">Data transfer</span></h3><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a> is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet. A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">computer file</a> can be <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mail" title="Electronic mail">e-mailed</a> to customers, colleagues and friends as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_attachment" title="E-mail attachment">attachment</a>. It can be uploaded to a website or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a> server for easy download by others. It can be put into a "shared location" or onto a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_server" title="File server">file server</a> for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by the use of "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_%28computing%29" title="Mirror (computing)">mirror</a>" servers or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> networks. In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by user <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a>, the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>, and money may change hands for access to the file. The price can be paid by the remote charging of funds from, for example, a credit card whose details are also passed—usually fully encrypted—across the Internet. The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signatures</a> or by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5" title="MD5">MD5</a> or other message digests. These simple features of the Internet, over a worldwide basis, are changing the production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of print publications, software products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics and the other arts. This in turn has caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the production and distribution of these products.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a> refers to the act that many existing radio and television broadcasters promote Internet "feeds" of their live audio and video streams (for example, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bbc.co.uk/cbbc/games/" title="Bbc.co.uk/cbbc/games/">BBC</a>). They may also allow time-shift viewing or listening such as Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again features. These providers have been joined by a range of pure Internet "broadcasters" who never had on-air licenses. This means that an Internet-connected device, such as a computer or something more specific, can be used to access on-line media in much the same way as was previously possible only with a television or radio receiver. The range of available types of content is much wider, from specialized technical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">webcasts</a> to on-demand popular multimedia services. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasting</a> is a variation on this theme, where—usually audio—material is downloaded and played back on a computer or shifted to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media player</a> to be listened to on the move. These techniques using simple equipment allow anybody, with little censorship or licensing control, to broadcast audio-visual material worldwide.<br />
'Connected' TV needs good internet connection. The image quality is depends on internet speed. As example for standard image quality needs 1 Mbps internet speed for SD 480p, requires 2.5 Mbps for HD 720p quality and the top-of-the-line HDX quality needs 4.5 Mbps for 1080p.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-22">[23]</a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcams</a> can be seen as an even lower-budget extension of this phenomenon. While some webcams can give full-frame-rate video, the picture is usually either small or updates slowly. Internet users can watch animals around an African waterhole, ships in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, traffic at a local roundabout or monitor their own premises, live and in real time. Video <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat_rooms" title="Chat rooms">chat rooms</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_conferencing" title="Video conferencing">video conferencing</a> are also popular with many uses being found for personal webcams, with and without two-way sound. YouTube was founded on 15 February 2005 and is now the leading website for free streaming video with a vast number of users. It uses a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">flash</a>-based web player to stream and show video files. Registered users may upload an unlimited amount of video and build their own personal profile. YouTube claims that its users watch hundreds of millions, and upload hundreds of thousands of videos daily.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-23">[24]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Access">Access</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access_worldwide" title="Internet access worldwide">Internet access worldwide</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">List of countries by number of Internet users</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_on_the_Internet" title="English on the Internet">English on the Internet</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Internet_usage" title="Global Internet usage">Global Internet usage</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="212" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.svg/300px-Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.svg.png" width="300" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Graph of Internet users per 100 inhabitants between 1997 and 2007 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a></div></div></div>The prevalent language for communication on the Internet is English. This may be a result of the origin of the Internet, as well as English's role as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>. It may also be related to the poor capability of early computers, largely originating in the United States, to handle characters other than those in the English variant of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. After English (28% of Web visitors) the most requested languages on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> are Chinese (23%), Spanish (8%), Japanese (5%), Portuguese and German (4% each), Arabic, French and Russian (3% each), and Korean (2%).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-24">[25]</a></sup> By region, 42% of the world's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_users" title="Internet users">Internet users</a> are based in Asia, 24% in Europe, 14% in North America, 10% in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> taken together, 5% in Africa, 3% in the Middle East and 1% in Australia/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-inetstats_25-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-inetstats-25">[26]</a></sup> In Asia, South Korea has the biggest internet penetration with 81.1% users (as comparison Japan with 78.2%<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-26">[27]</a></sup> and USA with 77.3%<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-27">[28]</a></sup>). The Internet's technologies have developed enough in recent years, especially in the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, that good facilities are available for development and communication in the world's widely used languages. However, some glitches such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">mojibake</a></i> (incorrect display of some languages' characters) still remain.<br />
Common methods of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a> in homes include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access" title="Dial-up Internet access">dial-up</a>, landline <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access" title="Broadband Internet access">broadband</a> (over <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optic" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> wires), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Internet" title="Satellite Internet">satellite</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> technology <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">cell phones</a>. Public places to use the Internet include libraries and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_cafe" title="Internet cafe">Internet cafes</a>, where computers with Internet connections are available. There are also <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_kiosk" title="Internet kiosk">Internet access points</a> in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops, in some cases just for brief use while standing. Various terms are used, such as "public Internet kiosk", "public access terminal", and "Web <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payphone" title="Payphone">payphone</a>". Many hotels now also have public terminals, though these are usually fee-based. These terminals are widely accessed for various usage like ticket booking, bank deposit, online payment etc. Wi-Fi provides wireless access to computer networks, and therefore can do so to the Internet itself. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_%28Wi-Fi%29" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">Hotspots</a> providing such access include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi#Internet_access" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi cafes</a>, where would-be users need to bring their own wireless-enabled devices such as a laptop or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Digital_Assistant" title="Personal Digital Assistant">PDA</a>. These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A hotspot need not be limited to a confined location. A whole campus or park, or even an entire city can be enabled. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a> efforts have led to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_community_network" title="Wireless community network">wireless community networks</a>. Commercial Wi-Fi services covering large city areas are in place in London, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, San Francisco, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Chicago and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>. The Internet can then be accessed from such places as a park bench.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-28">[29]</a></sup> Apart from Wi-Fi, there have been experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricochet_%28Internet_service%29" title="Ricochet (Internet service)">Ricochet</a>, various high-speed data services over cellular phone networks, and fixed wireless services. High-end mobile phones such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> generally come with Internet access through the phone network. Web browsers such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_%28web_browser%29" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> are available on these advanced handsets, which can also run a wide variety of other Internet software. More mobile phones have Internet access than PCs, though this is not as widely used.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> An Internet access provider and protocol matrix differentiates the methods used to get online.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Social_impact">Social impact</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology of the Internet</a></div>The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and access. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_service" title="Social network service">Social networking</a> websites such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace have created new ways to socialize and interact. Users of these sites are able to add a wide variety of information to pages, to pursue common interests, and to connect with others. It is also possible to find existing acquaintances, to allow communication among existing groups of people. Sites like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> foster commercial and business connections. YouTube and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> specialize in users' videos and photographs.<br />
In the first decade of the 21st century the first generation is raised with widespread availability of Internet connectivity, bringing consequences and concerns in areas such as personal privacy and identity, and distribution of copyrighted materials. These "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_natives" title="Digital natives">digital natives</a>" face a variety of challenges that were not present for prior generations.<br />
The Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool, leading to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a> by some states. The presidential campaign of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> in 2004 in the United States was notable for its success in soliciting donation via the Internet. Many political groups use the Internet to achieve a new method of organizing in order to carry out their mission, having given rise to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet activism</a>. Some governments, such as those of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, the People's Republic of China, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet, especially political and religious content.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> This is accomplished through software that filters domains and content so that they may not be easily accessed or obtained without elaborate circumvention.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may be based upon unreliable original research from December 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a></i>]</sup><br />
In Norway, Denmark, Finland<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Register_29-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-The_Register-29">[30]</a></sup> and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily, possibly to avoid such an arrangement being turned into law, agreed to restrict access to sites listed by authorities. While this list of forbidden URLs is only supposed to contain addresses of known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> Many countries, including the United States, have enacted laws against the possession or distribution of certain material, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>, via the Internet, but do not mandate filtering software. There are many free and commercially available software programs, called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content-control_software" title="Content-control software">content-control software</a>, with which a user can choose to block offensive websites on individual computers or networks, in order to limit a child's access to pornographic materials or depiction of violence.<br />
The Internet has been a major outlet for leisure activity since its inception, with entertaining social experiments such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUD" title="MUD">MUDs</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOO" title="MOO">MOOs</a> being conducted on university servers, and humor-related <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> groups receiving much traffic. Today, many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a> have sections devoted to games and funny videos; short cartoons in the form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash movies</a> are also popular. Over 6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for the sharing of ideas. The pornography and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> industries have taken advantage of the World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other websites.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> Although many governments have attempted to restrict both industries' use of the Internet, this has generally failed to stop their widespread popularity.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
One main area of leisure activity on the Internet is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_gaming" title="Multiplayer gaming">multiplayer gaming</a>. This form of recreation creates communities, where people of all ages and origins enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG">MMORPG</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooters</a>, from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_role-playing_game" title="Computer role-playing game">role-playing games</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">online gambling</a>. This has revolutionized the way many people interact<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> while spending their free time on the Internet. While online gaming has been around since the 1970s,<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> modern modes of online gaming began with subscription services such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy_Arcade" title="GameSpy Arcade">GameSpy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPlayer.com" title="MPlayer.com">MPlayer</a>. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of game play or certain games. Many people use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. Free and fee-based services exist for all of these activities, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Some of these sources exercise more care with respect to the original artists' copyrights than others.<br />
Many people use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book vacations and to find out more about their interests. People use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">chat</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">messaging</a> and e-mail to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_pal" title="Pen pal">pen pals</a>. The Internet has seen a growing number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_desktop" title="Web desktop">Web desktops</a>, where users can access their files and settings via the Internet.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberslacking" title="Cyberslacking">Cyberslacking</a> can become a drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spent 57 minutes a day surfing the Web while at work, according to a 2003 study by Peninsula Business Services.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-30">[31]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a> is excessive computer use that interferes with daily life. Some psychologists believe that Internet use has other <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_internet_use_affects_humans" title="How internet use affects humans">effects on individuals</a> for instance interfering with the deep thinking that leads to true creativity.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
Internet usage has also shown a strong connection to loneliness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_note-31">[32]</a></sup> Lonely people tend to use the internet for an outlet for their feelings and to share their stories with other lonely people, such as in the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_am_lonely_will_anyone_speak_to_me" title="I am lonely will anyone speak to me">I am lonely will anyone speak to me</a>" thread.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><table class="metadata mbox-small" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" title="Wikipedia:Books"><img alt="" height="30" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" width="30" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Internet" title="Book:Internet">Book:Internet</a></b></i></td></tr>
<tr><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2"><small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" title="Wikipedia:Books">Books</a> are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.</small></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.5em 0.5em;"><table style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(249,249,249); font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png"><img alt="Crystal Clear app browser.png" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" width="28" /></a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0pt;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><ul><li><span class="selfreference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:Internet" title="Special:Search/intitle:Internet">All pages with titles containing "Internet"</a></span></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_organizations" title="Internet organizations">Internet organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Strategy_Forum" title="Internet Strategy Forum">Internet Strategy Forum</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality" title="Network neutrality">Network neutrality</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline of the Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2><div class="reflist references-small references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em;"><div class="references"><ol><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00304286" rel="nofollow">"Internet, n."</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Draft ed.). March 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00304286" rel="nofollow">http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00304286</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-10-26</span>. "Shortened < INTERNETWORK n., perhaps influenced by similar words in -net".</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Internet%2C+n.&rft.atitle=%5B%5BOxford+English+Dictionary%5D%5D&rft.date=March+2009&rft.edition=Draft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F00304286&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/links.html#h-12.1" rel="nofollow">"Links"</a>. <i>HTML 4.01 Specification</i>. World Wide Web Consortium. HTML 4.01 Specification<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/links.html#h-12.1" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/links.html#h-12.1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-13</span>. "[T]he link (or hyperlink, or Web link) [is] the basic hypertext construct. A link is a connection from one Web resource to another. Although a simple concept, the link has been one of the primary forces driving the success of the Web."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Links&rft.atitle=HTML+4.01+Specification&rft.date=HTML+4.01+Specification&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fhtml401%2Fstruct%2Flinks.html%23h-12.1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://computer.yourdictionary.com/cloud" rel="nofollow">"Cloud — Computer Dictionary Definition"</a>. <i>YourDictionary.com</i>. LoveToKnow<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://computer.yourdictionary.com/cloud" rel="nofollow">http://computer.yourdictionary.com/cloud</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 October 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cloud%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+Computer+Dictionary+Definition&rft.atitle=YourDictionary.com&rft.pub=LoveToKnow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomputer.yourdictionary.com%2Fcloud&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070407064829/http://www.darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html" rel="nofollow">"ARPA/DARPA"</a>. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on April 7, 2007<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070407064829/http://www.darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html" rel="nofollow">http://web.archive.org/web/20070407064829/http://www.darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ARPA%2FDARPA&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Defense+Advanced+Research+Projects+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070407064829%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.darpa.mil%2Fbody%2Farpa_darpa.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.darpa.mil/history.html" rel="nofollow">"DARPA: History"</a>. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.darpa.mil/history.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.darpa.mil/history.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-12-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=DARPA%3A+History&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Defense+Advanced+Research+Projects+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darpa.mil%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NetValley-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-NetValley_5-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.netvalley.com/intval.html" rel="nofollow">"Roads and Crossroads of Internet History"</a> by Gregory Gromov</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Baran, Paul (1964). <a class="external text" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3767" rel="nofollow"><i>On Distributed Communications</i></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3767" rel="nofollow">http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3767</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Distributed+Communications&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Baran%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&rft.date=1964&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fresearch_memoranda%2FRM3767&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii.htm" rel="nofollow">"Internet History"</a>. Living Internet site<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Internet+History&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Living+Internet+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Fi%2Fii.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> "Electronic post for switching data." Timothy Johnson. New Scientist. May 13, 1976</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> Stephen Segaller, <i>NERDS 2.0.1:115 (TV Books Publisher 1998)</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Vinton Cerf; Bernard Aboba (1993). <a class="external text" href="http://www.netvalley.com/archives/mirrors/cerf-how-inet.html" rel="nofollow">"How the Internet Came to Be"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.netvalley.com/archives/mirrors/cerf-how-inet.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.netvalley.com/archives/mirrors/cerf-how-inet.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-11-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+the+Internet+Came+to+Be&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Vinton+Cerf&rft.au=Vinton+Cerf&rft.au=Bernard+Aboba&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netvalley.com%2Farchives%2Fmirrors%2Fcerf-how-inet.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Coffman, K. G; <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odlyzko" title="Odlyzko">Odlyzko</a>, A. M. (1998-10-02) (PDF). <a class="external text" href="http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/internet.size.pdf" rel="nofollow"><i>The size and growth rate of the Internet</i></a>. AT&T Labs<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/internet.size.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/internet.size.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-05-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+size+and+growth+rate+of+the+Internet&rft.aulast=Coffman%2C+K.+G%3B+%5B%5BOdlyzko%5D%5D%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Coffman%2C+K.+G%3B+%5B%5BOdlyzko%5D%5D%2C+A.+M.&rft.date=1998-10-02&rft.pub=AT%26T+Labs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtc.umn.edu%2F%7Eodlyzko%2Fdoc%2Finternet.size.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Comer, Douglas (2006). <i>The Internet book</i>. Prentice Hall. p. 64. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0132335530" title="Special:BookSources/0132335530">0132335530</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Internet+book&rft.aulast=Comer&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Comer%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B64&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.isbn=0132335530&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-stats1-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-stats1_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm" rel="nofollow">"World Internet Users and Population Stats"</a>. <i>Internet World Stats</i>. Miniwatts Marketing Group. 2010-06-30<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-04</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World+Internet+Users+and+Population+Stats&rft.atitle=Internet+World+Stats&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft.pub=Miniwatts+Marketing+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetworldstats.com%2Fstats.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/art/services/print.php?articleid=48062" rel="nofollow">"Internet users in BRICI countries set to double by 2015"</a>. International Business Times — IBTIMES.com. 2010-09-01<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/art/services/print.php?articleid=48062" rel="nofollow">http://www.ibtimes.com/art/services/print.php?articleid=48062</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-10-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Internet+users+in+BRICI+countries+set+to+double+by+2015&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.pub=International+Business+Times%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+IBTIMES.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fart%2Fservices%2Fprint.php%3Farticleid%3D48062&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/internet-users-in-indonesia-to-triple-by-2015-report/394066" rel="nofollow">"Internet Users in Indonesia to Triple by 2015: Report"</a>. The Jakarta Globe<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/internet-users-in-indonesia-to-triple-by-2015-report/394066" rel="nofollow">http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/internet-users-in-indonesia-to-triple-by-2015-report/394066</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-10-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Internet+Users+in+Indonesia+to+Triple+by+2015%3A+Report&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=The+Jakarta+Globe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartaglobe.com%2Fbusiness%2Finternet-users-in-indonesia-to-triple-by-2015-report%2F394066&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ietf.org/" rel="nofollow">"IETF Home Page"</a>. Ietf.org<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.ietf.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.ietf.org/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-06-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=IETF+Home+Page&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Ietf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Huston, Geoff. <a class="external text" href="http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html" rel="nofollow">"IPv4 Address Report, daily generated"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-05-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=IPv4+Address+Report%2C+daily+generated&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Huston&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Huston%2C%26%2332%3BGeoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.potaroo.net%2Ftools%2Fipv4%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.arin.net/knowledge/about_resources/ceo_letter.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Notice of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Address Depletion"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://www.arin.net/knowledge/about_resources/ceo_letter.pdf" rel="nofollow">https://www.arin.net/knowledge/about_resources/ceo_letter.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-08-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Notice+of+Internet+Protocol+version+4+%28IPv4%29+Address+Depletion&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arin.net%2Fknowledge%2Fabout_resources%2Fceo_letter.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> Walter Willinger, Ramesh Govindan, Sugih Jamin, Vern Paxson, and Scott Shenker (2002). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/suppl_1/2573" rel="nofollow">Scaling phenomena in the Internet</a>, in <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99</i>, suppl. 1, 2573–2580</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2003667811_btrebuildnet16.html" rel="nofollow">"Internet Makeover? Some argue it's time"</a>. The Seattle Times, 2007-04-16.</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://librenix.com/?inode=5013" rel="nofollow">"The Virtual Private Nightmare: VPN"</a>. Librenix. 2004-08-04<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://librenix.com/?inode=5013" rel="nofollow">http://librenix.com/?inode=5013</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Virtual+Private+Nightmare%3A+VPN&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2004-08-04&rft.pub=Librenix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrenix.com%2F%3Finode%3D5013&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> What to know before buying a 'connected' TV <a class="external free" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40241749/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets" rel="nofollow">http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40241749/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/t/fact_sheet" rel="nofollow">"YouTube Fact Sheet"</a>. YouTube, LLC<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.youtube.com/t/fact_sheet" rel="nofollow">http://www.youtube.com/t/fact_sheet</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=YouTube+Fact+Sheet&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=YouTube%2C+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Ft%2Ffact_sheet&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm" rel="nofollow">Internet World Stats</a>, updated for 2009-12-31. Retrieved 2010-07-17.</li>
<li id="cite_note-inetstats-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-inetstats_25-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm" rel="nofollow">World Internet Usage Statistics News and Population Stats</a> updated for 31 December 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm" rel="nofollow">Asia Internet Usage Stats and Population Statistics</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats14.htm" rel="nofollow">North America Internet Usage Statistics, Population and Telecommunications Reports</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000082&sid=aQ0ZfhMa4XGQ&refer=canada" rel="nofollow">"Toronto Hydro to Install Wireless Network in Downtown Toronto"</a>. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 19-Mar-2006.</li>
<li id="cite_note-The_Register-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-The_Register_29-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/02/18/finnish_policy_censor_activist/" rel="nofollow">"Finland censors anti-censorship site"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>. 2008-02-18<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/02/18/finnish_policy_censor_activist/" rel="nofollow">http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/02/18/finnish_policy_censor_activist/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-02-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Finland+censors+anti-censorship+site&rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Register%5D%5D&rft.date=2008-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2008%2F02%2F18%2Ffinnish_policy_censor_activist%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=914&id=1001802003" rel="nofollow">"Net abuse hits small city firms"</a>. News.scotsman.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=914&id=1001802003" rel="nofollow">http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=914&id=1001802003</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-08-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Net+abuse+hits+small+city+firms&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=News.scotsman.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.scotsman.com%2Ftopics.cfm%3Ftid%3D914%26id%3D1001802003&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Carole Hughes, Boston College (1999-01-01). <a class="external text" href="http://escholarship.bc.edu/dissertations/AAI9923427/" rel="nofollow">"The relationship of use of the Internet and loneliness among college students"</a>. Escholarship.bc.edu<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://escholarship.bc.edu/dissertations/AAI9923427/" rel="nofollow">http://escholarship.bc.edu/dissertations/AAI9923427/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-10-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+relationship+of+use+of+the+Internet+and+loneliness+among+college+students&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Carole+Hughes%2C+Boston+College&rft.au=Carole+Hughes%2C+Boston+College&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.pub=Escholarship.bc.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.bc.edu%2Fdissertations%2FAAI9923427%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
</ol></div></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/item/13570.html" rel="nofollow">Media Freedom Internet Cookbook</a> by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media</a> Vienna, 2004</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/" rel="nofollow">Living Internet</a>—Internet history and related information, including information from many creators of the Internet</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.firstmonday.org/" rel="nofollow">First Monday</a> peer-reviewed journal on the Internet</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2007/jun/how-much-does-the-internet-weigh" rel="nofollow">How Much Does The Internet Weigh?</a> by Stephen Cass, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover_%28magazine%29" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a> 2007</li>
<li>Castells, M. 1996. Rise of the Network Society. 3 vols. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.</li>
<li>Castells, M. (2001), “Lessons from the History of Internet”, in “The Internet Galaxy”, Ch. 1, pp 9–35. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li>
<li>Rehmeyer, Julie J. 2007. Mapping a medusa: The Internet spreads its tentacles. Science News 171(June 23):387–388.</li>
<li><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1122">RFC 1122</a>, Requirements for Internet Hosts—Communication Layers, IETF, R. Braden (Ed.), October 1989</li>
<li><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123">RFC 1123</a>, Requirements for Internet Hosts—Application and Support, IETF, R. Braden (Ed.), October 1989</li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;">Find more about <b>Internet</b> on Wikipedia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="wikt:Special:Search/Internet">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="Search Commons"><img alt="" height="24" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="commons:Special:Search/Internet">Images and media</a> from Commons</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="v:Special:Search/Internet">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="25" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="n:Special:Search/Internet">News stories</a> from Wikinews</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="q:Special:Search/Internet">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="24" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="s:Special:Search/Internet">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="25" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" title="b:Special:Search/Internet">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td></tr>
</tbody></table><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/internet.htm" rel="nofollow">The Internet</a> (National Science Foundation)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/" rel="nofollow">Berkman Center for Internet and Society</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.isoc.org/" rel="nofollow">The Internet Society</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/index_en.htm" rel="nofollow">European Commission Information Society</a></li>
</ul><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet</a>"</div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_inventions" title="Category:American inventions">American inventions</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Digital_technology" title="Category:Digital technology">Digital technology</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet" title="Category:Internet">Internet</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Media_technology" title="Category:Media technology">Media technology</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:New_media" title="Category:New media">New media</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Postmodernity" title="Category:Postmodernity">Postmodernity</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Scientific_revolution" title="Category:Scientific revolution">Scientific revolution</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality" title="Category:Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1969_introductions" title="Category:1969 introductions">1969 introductions</a></span></div>Site Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02270365323542814793noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620605760327811095.post-13635315458726606522010-12-28T15:11:00.001+00:002011-01-03T15:18:47.943+00:00What is Blogger (Blogspot)?<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Blogger (service)</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub"> (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogspot&redirect=no" title="Blogspot">Blogspot</a>)</div><div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#p-search">search</a> </div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox" style="font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: left; width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;"><i>Blogger</i></caption><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blogger_screen.png"><img alt="Blogger screen.png" height="148" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Blogger_screen.png/250px-Blogger_screen.png" width="250" /></a><br />
Blogger.com</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a></th><td><a class="external text" href="http://www.blogger.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.blogger.com/</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Commercial?</th><td>Yes</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Type of site</th><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog_publishing_system" title="Blog publishing system">Blog Host</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Registration</th><td>Optional, Free</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Available <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">language</a>(s)</th><td>Arabic, Bengali, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Filipino, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Gujurati, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay, Malayalam, Marathi, Norwegian, Oriya, Persian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Owner</th><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google Inc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Created by</th><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyra_Labs" title="Pyra Labs">Pyra Labs</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Launched</th><td>August 23, 1999<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a> rank</th><td>8<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Current status</th><td>Active</td></tr>
</tbody></table><b>Blogger</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blog</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weblog_software" title="Weblog software">publishing service</a> that allows private or multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. It was created by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyra_Labs" title="Pyra Labs">Pyra Labs</a>, which was bought by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> in 2003. Generally, the blogs are hosted by Google at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdomain" title="Subdomain">subdomains</a> of blogspot.com. Up until May 1, 2010 Blogger allowed users to publish blogs on other hosts, via FTP. All such blogs had (or still have) to be moved to Google's own servers, with domains other than blogspot.com allowed via Custom URLs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#Redesign"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Redesign</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#Integration"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Integration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#Blocking"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Blocking</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#Limitations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Limitations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogger_%28service%29&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>On August 23, 1999, Blogger was launched by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyra_Labs" title="Pyra Labs">Pyra Labs</a>. As one of the earliest dedicated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog_software" title="Blog software">blog-publishing tools</a>, it is credited for helping popularize the format. In February 2003, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyra_Labs" title="Pyra Labs">Pyra Labs</a> was acquired by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> under undisclosed terms. The acquisition allowed premium features (for which Pyra had charged) to become free. In October 2004, Pyra Labs' co-founder, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Williams_%28blogger%29" title="Evan Williams (blogger)">Evan Williams</a>, left Google. In 2004, Google purchased <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a>; it integrated Picasa and its photo sharing utility <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa#Hello" title="Picasa">Hello</a> into Blogger, allowing users to post photos to their blogs.<br />
On May 9, 2004, Blogger introduced a major redesign, adding features such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_standards" title="Web standards">web standards</a>-compliant templates, individual archive pages for posts, comments, and posting by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>. On August 14, 2006, Blogger launched its latest version in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_stage#Beta" title="Development stage">beta</a>, codenamed "Invader", alongside the gold release. This migrated users to Google servers and included some new features. In December 2006, this new version of Blogger was taken out of beta. By May 2007, Blogger had completely moved over to Google operated servers. Blogger was ranked 16 on the list of top 50 domains in terms of number of unique visitors in 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogger_%28service%29&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Redesign">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Redesign">Redesign</span></h3>As part of the Blogger redesign in 2006, all blogs associated with a user's Google Account were migrated to Google servers. Blogger claims that the service is now more reliable because of the quality of the servers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup><br />
Along with the migration to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_services_and_tools" title="List of Google services and tools">Google servers</a>, several new features were introduced, including label organization, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag-and-drop" title="Drag-and-drop">drag-and-drop</a> template editing interface, reading permissions (to create private blogs) and new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_feed" title="Web feed">Web feed</a> options. Furthermore, blogs are updated dynamically, as opposed to rewriting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> files.<br />
In a version of the service called Blogger in Draft,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup> new features are tested before being released to all users. New features are discussed in the service's <a class="external text" href="http://bloggerindraft.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow">official blog</a>.<br />
In September 2009, Google introduced new features into Blogger as part of its tenth anniversary celebration. The features included a new interface for post editing, improved image handling, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raw_HTML_Conversion&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Raw HTML Conversion (page does not exist)">Raw HTML Conversion</a>, and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>-based implementations, including:<br />
<ul><li>Adding location to posts via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">geotagging</a>.</li>
<li>Post time-stamping at publication, not at original creation.</li>
<li>Vertical re-sizing of the post editor. The size is saved in a per-user, per-blog preference.</li>
<li>Link editing in Compose mode.</li>
<li>Full <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_%28web_browser%29" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari 3</a> support and fidelity on both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS" title="Mac OS">Mac OS</a>.</li>
<li>New Preview dialog that shows posts in a width and font size approximating what is seen in the published view.</li>
<li>Placeholder image for tags so that embeds are movable in Compose mode.</li>
<li>New toolbar with Google aesthetics, faster loading time, and "undo" and "redo" buttons. Also added was the full justification button, a strike-through button, and an expanded color palette.</li>
</ul>In 2010, blogger introduced new templates and a redesigned website, and by this time, millions of people is using blogger to blog. The new post editor was criticized for being less reliable than its predecessor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogger_%28service%29&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Integration">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Integration">Integration</span></h2><ul><li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Toolbar" title="Google Toolbar">Google Toolbar</a> has a feature called "BlogThis!" which allows toolbar users with Blogger accounts to post links directly to their blogs.</li>
<li>"Blogger for Word" is an add-in for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> which allows users to save a Microsoft Word Document directly to a Blogger blog, as well as edit their posts both on- and offline. As of January 2007<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display: none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogger_%28service%29&action=edit" rel="nofollow">[update]</a></sup>, Google says "Blogger for Word is not currently compatible with the new version of Blogger", and they state no decision has been made about supporting it with the new Blogger.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> However, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007" title="Microsoft Office 2007">Microsoft Office 2007</a> adds native support for a variety of blogging systems, including Blogger.</li>
<li>Blogger supports Google's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense" title="AdSense">AdSense</a> service as a way of generating revenue from running a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blog</a>.</li>
<li>Blogger offers multiple author support, making it possible to establish <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_blog" title="Collaborative blog">group blogs</a>.</li>
<li>Blogger offers a template editing feature, which allows users to customize the Blogger template.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a> has direct publishing integration to Blogger.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Live_Writer" title="Windows Live Writer">Windows Live Writer</a>, a standalone app of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Live" title="Windows Live">Windows Live</a> suite, publishes directly to Blogger.</li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogger_%28service%29&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blocking">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Blocking">Blocking</span></h2>Blogger has been blocked for periods of time in the following countries:<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gatekeepers_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-gatekeepers-8">[9]</a></sup></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (four days in October 2008)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turkey_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-turkey-9">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogger_%28service%29&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limitations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Limitations">Limitations</span></h2>Blogger has imposed the following limitations on content storage and bandwidth, per user account<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup>:<br />
<ul><li><b>Number of blogs</b> = Unlimited</li>
<li><b>Size of pages</b> = Individual pages (the main page of a blog or archive pages) are limited to 1 MB</li>
<li><b>Number of labels</b> = 5,000 unique labels per blog, 20 unique labels per post</li>
<li><b>Number of pictures</b> (hyperlinked from user's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a> Web Album) = Up to 1 GB of free storage</li>
<li><b>Size of pictures</b> = If posted via Blogger Mobile, limited 250 KB per picture; posted pictures are scaled to 800px<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li>
<li><b>Team members</b> (those that can write to a blog) = 100</li>
</ul>On February 18, 2010,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup> Blogger introduced "auto-pagination", which limited the number of posts that could be displayed on each page, often causing the number of posts on the main page to be less than that specified by the user and leading to a hostile response from some users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogger_%28service%29&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products" title="List of Google products">List of Google products</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_blogging" title="Niche blogging">Niche blogging</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Williams_%28blogger%29" title="Evan Williams (blogger)">Evan Williams</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogger_%28service%29&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-small"><div class="references"><ol><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.blogger.com/about" rel="nofollow"><i>The Story of Blogger</i>, Blogger.com</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/blogger.com" rel="nofollow">"blogger.com - Traffic Details from Alexa"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a>, Inc<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/blogger.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/blogger.com</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-10-17</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=blogger.com+-+Traffic+Details+from+Alexa&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BAlexa+Internet%5D%5D%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fsiteinfo%2Fblogger.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Blogger_(service)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://buzz.blogger.com/2010/01/important-note-to-ftp-users.html" rel="nofollow">http://buzz.blogger.com/2010/01/important-note-to-ftp-users.html</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://blog.compete.com/2007/10/30/top-50-websites-domains-digg-youtube-flickr-facebook/" rel="nofollow">"Top 50 Domains - www.TheLifeMovie.blogspot.com Ranked by Unique Visitors"”</a> September, 2007.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://buzz.blogger.com/2006/12/new-version-of-blogger.html" rel="nofollow">Blogger Buzz: The New Version of Blogger</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://draft.blogger.com/" rel="nofollow">http://draft.blogger.com/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://experimentgarden.blogspot.com/2009/12/critique-and-criticism-of-new-blogger.html" rel="nofollow">Critique and Criticism of the New Blogger Post Editor - Experiment Garden</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://help.blogger.com/bin/answer.py?answer=42497&topic=8931" rel="nofollow">http://help.blogger.com/bin/answer.py?answer=42497&topic=8931</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-gatekeepers-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-gatekeepers_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Rosen, Jeffrey (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all" rel="nofollow">"Google’s Gatekeepers"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-01</span>. "Over the past couple of years, Google and its various applications have been blocked, to different degrees, by 24 countries. Blogger is blocked in Pakistan, for example, and Orkut in Saudi Arabia."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google%E2%80%99s+Gatekeepers&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNew+York+Times%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Rosen%2C%26%2332%3BJeffrey&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F30%2Fmagazine%2F30google-t.html%3F_r%3D1%26partner%3Drss%26emc%3Drss%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Blogger_(service)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-turkey-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-turkey_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2008/10/25/bloggercom-banned-in-turkey/" rel="nofollow">"Blogger.com Banned in Turkey"</a>. <i>advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org</i>. 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2008/10/25/bloggercom-banned-in-turkey/" rel="nofollow">http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2008/10/25/bloggercom-banned-in-turkey/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-01</span>. "A Turkish court has blocked access to the popular blog hosting service Blogger (Blogger.com and Blogspot.com owned by Google), from Friday, October 24th, 2008." The ban was lifted on Tuesday, October 28th, 2008."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blogger.com+Banned+in+Turkey&rft.jtitle=advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadvocacy.globalvoicesonline.org%2F2008%2F10%2F25%2Fbloggercom-banned-in-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Blogger_(service)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/support/blogger/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=42348" rel="nofollow">"What are the limits on my Blogger account?"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.google.com/support/blogger/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=42348" rel="nofollow">http://www.google.com/support/blogger/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=42348</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 December 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What+are+the+limits+on+my+Blogger+account%3F&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsupport%2Fblogger%2Fbin%2Fanswer.py%3Fhl%3Den%26answer%3D42348&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Blogger_(service)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> Vardhman Jain, "<a class="external text" href="http://buzz.blogger.com/2010/02/auto-pagination-on-blogger.html" rel="nofollow">Auto Pagination on Blogger</a>", <i>Blogger Buzz</i>, February 18, 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> "<a class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/support/forum/p/blogger/thread?tid=211d87eb120a771a&hl=en" rel="nofollow">Problem Rollup: Auto Pagination for blogs with Classic templates</a>", <i>Blogger Help Forum</i> (retrieved March 1, 2010).</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> "<a class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/support/forum/p/blogger/thread?tid=33d7b281c3f27ad0&hl=en" rel="nofollow">Problem Rollup: Auto Pagination for blogs with Layouts templates</a>", <i>Blogger Help Forum</i> (retrieved March 1, 2010).</li>
</ol></div></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogger_%28service%29&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul><li><span class="official website"><a class="external text" href="https://www.blogger.com/" rel="nofollow">Official website</a></span></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/On_the_Web/Weblogs/Tools/Publishers/Blogger/" rel="nofollow">Blogger (service)</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a></li>
</ul><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" id="collapsibleTable0" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogspot#" id="collapseButton0">show</a>]</span> <br />
<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Google_Inc." title="Template:Google Inc."><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Google_Inc." title="Template talk:Google Inc."><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Google_Inc.&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google Inc.</a></span></th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Chairman/CEO</b>: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_E._Schmidt" title="Eric E. Schmidt">Eric E. Schmidt</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Director/Technology President/Co-founder</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Director/Products President/Co-founder</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a><br />
<b>Other directors</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doerr" title="John Doerr">John Doerr</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson" title="Arthur D. Levinson">Arthur D. Levinson</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Mather" title="Ann Mather">Ann Mather</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Otellini" title="Paul Otellini">Paul Otellini</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Shriram" title="Ram Shriram">Ram Shriram</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_M._Tilghman" title="Shirley M. Tilghman">Shirley M. Tilghman</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Senior Advisor</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></span></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group">Advertising</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Manager" title="Ad Manager">Ad Manager</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adscape" title="Adscape">Adscape</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense" title="AdSense">AdSense</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Advertising_Professional" title="Google Advertising Professional">Advertising Professionals</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdWords" title="AdWords">AdWords</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Analytics</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Checkout" title="Google Checkout">Checkout</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invite_Media" title="Invite Media">Invite Media</a></div></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group">Communication</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Alerts" title="Google Alerts">Alerts</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Buzz</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Calendar" title="Google Calendar">Calendar</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Contacts" title="Google Contacts">Contacts</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Friend_Connect" title="Google Friend Connect">Friend Connect</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a><small> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Gmail" title="History of Gmail">history</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail_interface" title="Gmail interface">interface</a>)</small><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Groups</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Gtalk</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Latitude</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Notebook" title="Google Notebook">Notebook</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Questions_and_Answers" title="Google Questions and Answers">Q & A</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Reader" title="Google Reader">Reader</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide.com" title="Slide.com">Slide</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Translate</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Voice" title="Google Voice">Voice</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Wave" title="Google Wave">Wave</a></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group">Software</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_OS" title="Google Chrome OS">Chrome OS</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Desktop" title="Google Desktop">Desktop</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Earth</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sky" title="Google Sky">Sky</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Moon" title="Google Moon">Moon</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Mars" title="Google Mars">Mars</a>)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gadgets" title="Google Gadgets">Gadgets</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Goggles" title="Google Goggles">Goggles</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Japanese_Input" title="Google Japanese Input">Japanese Input</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pack" title="Google Pack">Pack</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnik" title="Picnik">Picnik</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Pinyin</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_PowerMeter" title="Google PowerMeter">PowerMeter</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SketchUp" title="SketchUp">SketchUp</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Talk</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Toolbar" title="Google Toolbar">Toolbar</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pack#Google_Updater" title="Google Pack">Updater</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urchin_%28software%29" title="Urchin (software)">Urchin</a></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_platform" title="Google platform">Platforms</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Account" title="Google Account">Account</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">Nexus S</a>)</small><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">App Engine</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Apps" title="Google Apps">Apps</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Base" title="Google Base">Base</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigTable" title="BigTable">BigTable</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_project" title="Caja project">Caja</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Co-op" title="Google Co-op">Co-op</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth_Engine" title="Google Earth Engine">Earth Engine</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gears_%28software%29" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">GFS</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Health" title="Google Health">Health</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">Native Client</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Public_DNS" title="Google Public DNS">Public DNS</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol" title="Google Wave Federation Protocol">Wave</a></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group">Development tools</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_AJAX_APIs" title="Google AJAX APIs">AJAX APIs</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Inventor" title="Google App Inventor">App Inventor</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AtGoogleTalks" title="AtGoogleTalks">AtGoogleTalks</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Closure_Tools" title="Google Closure Tools">Closure Tools</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Code" title="Google Code">Code</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gadgets_API" title="Google Gadgets API">Gadgets API</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GData" title="GData">GData</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_%28programming_language%29" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlebot" title="Googlebot">Googlebot</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Guice" title="Google Guice">Guice</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Server" title="Google Web Server">GWS</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Image_Labeler" title="Google Image Labeler">Image Labeler</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language" title="Keyhole Markup Language">KML</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SketchUp_Ruby" title="SketchUp Ruby">SketchUp Ruby</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitemaps" title="Sitemaps">Sitemaps</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Summer of Code</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Web Toolkit</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> Google Website Optimizer</div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group">Publishing</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_Warehouse" title="3D Warehouse">3D Warehouse</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <strong class="selflink">Blogger</strong><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookmarks" title="Google Bookmarks">Bookmarks</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Docs</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FeedBurner" title="FeedBurner">FeedBurner</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Map_Maker" title="Google Map Maker">Map Maker</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramio" title="Panoramio">Panoramio</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa#Picasa_Web_Albums" title="Picasa">Picasa Web Albums</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sidewiki" title="Google Sidewiki">Sidewiki</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sites" title="Google Sites">Sites (JotSpot)</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Search</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark_%28search_engine%29" title="Aardvark (search engine)">Aardvark</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search_Appliance" title="Google Search Appliance">Appliance</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Audio_Indexing" title="Google Audio Indexing">Audio</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Books</a><small> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books_Library_Project" title="Google Books Library Project">Library Project</a>)</small><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Code_Search" title="Google Code Search">Code</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Desktop" title="Google Desktop">Desktop</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fast_Flip" title="Google Fast Flip">Fast Flip</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Finance" title="Google Finance">Finance</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Images" title="Google Images">Images</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Maps</a><small> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Street View</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_privacy_concerns" title="Google Street View privacy concerns">Street View privacy concerns</a>)</small><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">News</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Patents" title="Google Patents">Patents</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Product_Search" title="Google Product Search">Products</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Scholar</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Usenet</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Videos" title="Google Videos">Videos</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Web Search</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_History" title="Google Web History">History</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Personalized_Search" title="Google Personalized Search">Personalized</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Real-Time_Search" title="Google Real-Time Search">Real-Time</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_Search" title="Instant Search">Instant Search</a>)</small><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> Analysis: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Insights_for_Search" title="Google Insights for Search">Insights for Search</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Trends</a></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products#Previous_products" title="List of Google products">Discontinued</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Answers" title="Google Answers">Answers</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Browser_Sync" title="Google Browser Sync">Browser Sync</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdWords#Click-to-Call" title="AdWords">Click-to-Call</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodgeball_%28service%29" title="Dodgeball (service)">Dodgeball</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOOG-411" title="GOOG-411">GOOG-411</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Lively" title="Google Lively">Lively</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Mashup_Editor" title="Google Mashup Editor">Mashup Editor</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Page_Creator" title="Google Page Creator">Page Creator</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_SearchWiki" title="Google SearchWiki">SearchWiki</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Video_Marketplace" title="Google Video Marketplace">Video Marketplace</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Web_Accelerator" title="Google Web Accelerator">Web Accelerator</a></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google" title="Category:Google">Related</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Google" title="List of acquisitions by Google">Acquisitions</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_bomb" title="Google bomb">Bomb</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">Criticism</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_logo" title="Google logo">Doodles</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.org#Google_Foundation" title="Google.org">Foundation</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_China" title="Google China">Google China</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google TV</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.org" title="Google.org">Google.org</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google" title="History of Google">History</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%27s_hoaxes" title="Google's hoaxes">Hoaxes</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Fiber</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_flower_tribute" title="Illegal flower tribute">Illegal flower tribute</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search#.22I.27m_Feeling_Lucky.22" title="Google Search">I'm Feeling Lucky</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">I/O</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Labs" title="Google Labs">Labs</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_logo" title="Google logo">Logo</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Lunar X Prize</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_City_Streets" title="Monopoly City Streets">Monopoly City Streets</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products" title="List of Google products">Products</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ventures" title="Google Ventures">Ventures</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_WiFi" title="Google WiFi">WiFi</a></div></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Annual revenue</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>21.80 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_%28number%29" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">FY</a> 2008, <img alt="increase" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" width="11" />31% from 2007) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google_employees" title="Category:Google employees">Employees</a></b>: 19,786 full-time (Jun. 30, 2009) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google#Financing_and_initial_public_offering" title="History of Google">Stock symbol</a></b>: (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a>: <a class="external text" href="http://quotes.nasdaq.com/asp/SummaryQuote.asp?symbol=GOOG&selected=GOOG" rel="nofollow">GOOG</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">LSE</a>: <a class="external text" href="http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices-and-news/stocks/prices-search/stock-prices-search.html?nameCode=GGEA" rel="nofollow">GGEA</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Motto</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_be_evil" title="Don't be evil">Don't be evil</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.com" title="Google.com">Website</a></b>: <a class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.google.com/</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_%28service%29">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_%28service%29</a>"</div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Blog_hosting_services" title="Category:Blog hosting services">Blog hosting services</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Blog_software" title="Category:Blog software">Blog software</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Virtual_communities" title="Category:Virtual communities">Virtual communities</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_properties_established_in_1999" title="Category:Internet properties established in 1999">Internet properties established in 1999</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Google_services" title="Category:Google services">Google services</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_services_supporting_OpenID" title="Category:Internet services supporting OpenID">Internet services supporting OpenID</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:BigTable_implementations" title="Category:BigTable implementations">BigTable implementations</a></span></div>Site Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02270365323542814793noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620605760327811095.post-54826700796477231922010-12-28T15:05:00.004+00:002011-01-03T15:18:47.944+00:00About Ghana<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Ghana</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#p-search">search</a> </div><div class="dablink">This article is about the modern country of Ghana. For the Ghana Empire (c. 790-1076) northwest of modern Ghana, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_%28disambiguation%29" title="Ghana (disambiguation)">Ghana (disambiguation)</a>.</div><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="font-size: 88%; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr class="adr"><th align="center" class="mergedtoprow" colspan="3" style="font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0.33em; padding-left: 0.33em; padding-right: 0.33em; padding-top: 0.25em;"><span class="fn org country-name">Republic of Ghana</span></th></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><td align="center" class="maptable" colspan="3" style="padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.5em;"><table align="center" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" style="vertical-align: middle; width: 58%;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg" title="Flag of Ghana"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="83" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" width="125" /></a></td><td align="center" style="vertical-align: middle; width: auto;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg" title="Coat of arms of Ghana"><img alt="" height="70" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg.png" width="85" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"><small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Ghana" title="Flag of Ghana">Flag</a></small></td><td align="center"><small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana" title="Coat of arms of Ghana">Coat of arms</a></small></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr><td class="anthem" colspan="3" style="line-height: 1.2em; text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a>: </b><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Bless_Our_Homeland_Ghana" title="God Bless Our Homeland Ghana">God Bless Our Homeland Ghana</a></i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-bottom: 0.6em; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationGhana.svg" title="Location of Ghana (dark red)in Western Africa (light yellow)"><img alt="Location of Ghana (dark red)in Western Africa (light yellow)" height="125" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/LocationGhana.svg/250px-LocationGhana.svg.png" width="250" /></a></div></div><div style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><div style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.15em; text-align: center;"><small><span style="font-size: 11px;">Location of <span style="font-size: 2px;"> </span><strong class="selflink">Ghana</strong><span style="font-size: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span>(<span style="font-size: 9px;">dark red</span>)</span></small> <br />
<div style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.15em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 250px;">in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Africa" title="Western Africa">Western Africa</a><span style="font-size: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span>(<span style="font-size: 9px;">light yellow</span>)</div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28political%29" title="Capital (political)">Capital</a></b><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ghana" title="List of cities in Ghana">(and largest city)</a></td><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a><br />
<small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img alt="" class="noprint" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erioll_world.svg/18px-Erioll_world.svg.png" style="cursor: pointer; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 3px; padding-top: 0px;" title="show location on an interactive map" /><a class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Ghana&params=5_33_N_0_15_W_type:country" rel="nofollow"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°33′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°15′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.55°N 0.25°W</span><span style="display: none;"> / <span class="geo">5.55; -0.25</span></span></span></a></span></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official language(s)</a></th><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">Government-sponsored<br />
languages</th><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a>, specifically <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Twi" title="Ashanti Twi">Ashanti Twi</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanti" title="Fanti">Fanti</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuapem_Twi" title="Akuapem Twi">Akuapem Twi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akyem" title="Akyem">Akyem</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwahu" title="Kwahu">Kwahu</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzema" title="Nzema">Nzema</a>; <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaare" title="Dagaare">Dagaare</a>/Wale, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adangme_language" title="Adangme language">Dangme</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonja_language" title="Gonja language">Gonja</a> and Kasem</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td>Ghanaian</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></th><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_democracy" title="Constitutional democracy">Constitutional</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President</a></td><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Atta Mills</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_Ghana" title="Vice-President of Ghana">Vice-President</a></td><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dramani_Mahama" title="John Dramani Mahama">John Dramani Mahama</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_Parliament" title="Speaker of Parliament">Speaker of Parliament</a></td><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Bamford-Addo" title="Joyce Bamford-Addo">Joyce Bamford-Addo</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a></td><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Theodora_Wood" title="Georgina Theodora Wood">Georgina Theodora Wood</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2">Independence</th><td>from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;">Declared</td><td>6 March 1957 </td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;">Republic</td><td>1 July 1960 </td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;">Current Constitution</td><td>28 April 1992 </td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">Area</a></th></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;">Total</td><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_E11_m%C2%B2" title="1 E11 m²">238,535 km<sup>2</sup></a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">81st</a>)<br />
92,098 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">sq mi</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_water_area" title="List of countries by percentage of water area">Water (%)</a></td><td>3.5</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></th></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;">2010 estimate</td><td>23,837,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-unpop_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-unpop-1">[2]</a></sup> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population">48th</a>)</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Density</a></td><td>99.9/km<sup>2</sup> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" title="List of countries by population density">103rd</a>)<br />
258.8/sq mi</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td><td>2010 estimate</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;">Total</td><td>$38.143 billion<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-imf_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-imf-2">[3]</a></sup> </td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">Per capita</a></td><td>$1,600<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-imf_2-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-imf-2">[3]</a></sup> </td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></b> (nominal)</td><td>2010 estimate</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;">Total</td><td>$31.2 billion<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-businessweek.com_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-businessweek.com-3">[4]</a></sup> </td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">Per capita</a></td><td>$1,318.36<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-businessweek.com_3-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-businessweek.com-3">[4]</a></sup> </td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></th><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Ghanaian cedi</a> (<code><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GHS</a></code>)</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMT" title="GMT">GMT</a> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>0)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt; width: 1em;"> - </td><td style="padding-left: 0em;">Summer (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</td><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMT" title="GMT">GMT</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>0)</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">Drives on the</a></th><td>right</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GH" title="ISO 3166-2:GH">GH</a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gh" title=".gh">.gh</a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" title="List of country calling codes">Calling code</a></th><td>233</td></tr>
</tbody></table>The <b>Republic of Ghana</b> (<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-Ghana.ogg" title="Listen"><img alt="Listen" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Speakerlink.svg/11px-Speakerlink.svg.png" width="11" /></a><sup><span class="IPA" style="color: #0000ee; font-family: sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.1em; padding-right: 0.1em; padding-top: 0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Ghana.ogg" title="File:En-us-Ghana.ogg">i</a></span></sup> <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="primary stress">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="schwa 'a' in 'Rosa’s'">ə</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>) is a country located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. It is bordered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> (Ivory Coast) to the west, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> to the north, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> to the east, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> to the south. The word <i>Ghana</i> means "Warrior King"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-warriorking_4-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-warriorking-4">[5]</a></sup> and is derived from the ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>.<br />
Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> Kingdoms, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwamu" title="Akwamu">Akwamu</a> on the eastern coast, the inland <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a> and various <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fante" title="Fante">Fante</a> and non-Akan states, like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga_people" title="Ga people">Ga</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, along the coast and inland. Trade with European states flourished after contact with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> in the 15th century, and the British established the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_%28British_colony%29" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> in 1874.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-colestablish_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-colestablish-5">[6]</a></sup><br />
The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan African</a> nation to do so<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-independence_6-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-independence-6">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup> and the name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa. Ghana is a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, and an associate Member of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Francophonie" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>. Ghana is the second largest producer of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a> in the world and is also home to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Volta" title="Lake Volta">Lake Volta</a>, the largest artificial lake in the world by surface area.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup><br />
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<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Regions_and_districts"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Regions and districts</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Population_of_major_cities"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Population of major cities</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Government_and_politics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Government and politics</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Government"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Administrative_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative divisions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Judicial_system"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Judicial system</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Foreign_relations"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign relations</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Health"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Culture_and_media"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Culture and media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Education"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 157px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghana_Map.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="190" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ghana_Map.jpg/155px-Ghana_Map.jpg" width="155" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghana_Map.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Map of Ghana</div></div></div>The word <i>Ghana</i> means Warrior King and was the title accorded to the kings of the medieval West African <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> Geographically, the Ghana Empire was approximately 500 miles (800 km) north and west of modern Ghana, and it ruled territories in the area of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal_River" title="Sénégal River">Sénégal River</a> and east towards the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>, in modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>.<br />
<i>Ghana</i> was adopted as the legal name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_%28British_colony%29" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> combined with British Togoland upon gaining autonomy on March 6, 1957. It was not until July 1, 1960, however, that Ghana asserted its complete independence from Britain and became known as the <i>Republic of Ghana</i>.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">History of Ghana</a></div>There is archaeological evidence which shows that humans have lived in what is present day Ghana from about 1500 BC.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup> Nonetheless, there is no proof that those early dwellers are related to the current inhabitants of the area. Oral tradition has it that many of Ghana's current ethnic groups such as the multi-ethnic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga_people" title="Ga people">Ga</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> arrived around the 13th Century AD. However, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamprusi" title="Mamprusi">Mamprusi</a> are believed to be the first settlers, having been fully established by 1210 AD, before the arrival of the other ethnic groups.<br />
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="134" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg/200px-Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Ashanti yam ceremony, 19th century by Thomas E. Bowdich</div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_coast_castle_II.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="151" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cape_coast_castle_II.JPG/200px-Cape_coast_castle_II.JPG" width="200" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_coast_castle_II.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle" title="Cape Coast Castle">Cape Coast Castle</a></div></div></div>Modern Ghanaian territory includes what was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" title="Ashanti Empire">Empire of Ashanti</a>, one of the most influential states in sub-Saharan Africa before colonial rule. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> migrants moved southward and founded several nation-states including the first great Akan empire of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abron" title="Abron">Bono</a>, which is now known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brong-Ahafo_Region" title="Brong-Ahafo Region">Brong-Ahafo</a> region in Ghana. Much of the area of modern day south central Ghana was united under the Empire of Ashanti of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti" title="Ashanti">Ashanti</a> people, a branch of the Akan people by the 16th century.<br />
The Ashanti government operated first as a loose network and eventually as a centralized kingdom with an advanced, highly specialized <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> centered in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a>. It is said that at its peak, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Asante" title="List of rulers of Asante">Asantehene</a> could field 500,000 troops and had some degree of military influence over all of its neighbors. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga_people" title="Ga people">Ga people</a> developed an effective unit around 1500 <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_12-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-encarta.msn.com-12">[13]</a></sup> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonja" title="Gonja">Gonja</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagomba" title="Dagomba">Dagomba</a> and Mamprusi also fought for political power in the 1620s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_12-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-encarta.msn.com-12">[13]</a></sup><br />
Early European contact by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>, who came to Ghana in the 15th century, focused on the extensive availability of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. The Portuguese first landed at a coastal city inhabited by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fante" title="Fante">Fante</a> nation-state and they named the place <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina</a></i>, which means "the mine" in Portuguese. In 1481, King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II of Portugal</a> commissioned <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo_d%27Azambuja" title="Diogo d'Azambuja">Diogo d'Azambuja</a> to build <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a>, which was completed in 3 years. Their aim was to trade in gold, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>, consolidating their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">burgeoning political and economic power</a> in the region.<br />
By 1548, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> had joined them, and built forts at Komenda and Kormantsi. In 1617, they captured the Olnini Castle from the Portuguese and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axim" title="Axim">Axim</a> in 1642 (Fort St Anthony). Other European traders joined in by the mid-17th century, largely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people" title="British people">English</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_people" title="Danish people">Danes</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_people" title="Swedish people">Swedes</a>. British merchants, impressed with the gold resources in the area, named it the <i>Gold Coast</i>, while French merchants, impressed with the trinkets worn by the coastal people, named the area to the west "Côte d'Ivoire", or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elmina_slave_castle.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="151" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elmina_slave_castle.jpg/200px-Elmina_slave_castle.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elmina_slave_castle.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a></div></div></div>More than thirty forts and castles were built by the Portuguese, Dutch, British and Spanish merchants. The Gold Coast was known for centuries as 'The White Man's Grave' because many of the Europeans who went there died of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and other tropical diseases.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup> After the Dutch withdrew in 1874, Britain made the Gold Coast a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>. Following conquest by the British in 1896, until independence in March 1957, the territory of modern Ghana excluding the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_Region" title="Volta Region">Volta Region</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">British Togoland</a>), was known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_%28British_colony%29" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a>.<br />
Many wars occurred between the colonial powers and the various nation-states in the area including the 1806 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti-Fante_War" title="Ashanti-Fante War">Ashanti-Fante War</a> and the continuous struggle by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti" title="Ashanti">Ashanti</a> against the British, which ended in 1901 with the Third Ashanti-British War (1900–1901).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-ReferenceA-14">[15]</a></sup> Even under colonial rule the chiefs and people often resisted the policies of the British; however, moves toward de-colonization intensified after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In 1947 the newly formed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Gold_Coast_Convention" title="United Gold Coast Convention">United Gold Coast Convention</a> (UGCC) called for "self-government within the shortest possible time."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup> After <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Accra_Riots" title="1948 Accra Riots">rioting increased in 1948</a>, the members of the United Gold Coast Convention were arrested, including future Prime Minister and President, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>. Later Nkrumah formed his own party, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a> (CPP) with the motto "self government now." He began a 'Positive Action' campaign and gained the support of rural and working class people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-ReferenceA-14">[15]</a></sup><br />
Once again he was imprisoned for being the leader of a party that caused boycotts, strikes and other forms of civil disobedience. After winning a majority of seats in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly" title="Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> in 1952; however, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> was released and appointed Leader of Government Business. After further negotiations with Britain finally on March 6, 1957 at 12 a.m. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> declared Ghana "free forever".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-ReferenceA-14">[15]</a></sup><br />
The flag which consists of the colours red, gold, green and the black star became the new flag in 1957. Designed by <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodosia_Salome_Okoh&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Theodosia Salome Okoh (page does not exist)">Theodosia Salome Okoh</a>, the red represents the blood that was shed towards independence, the gold represents the mineral wealth of Ghana, the green symbolises the rich agriculture and the black star is the symbol of African emancipation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-16">[17]</a></sup><br />
Formed from the merger of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_%28British_colony%29" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">British Togoland</a> by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> sponsored plebiscite in 1956, Ghana became the first sub-Saharan African country to gain its independence in 1957.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, first Prime Minister and then President of the modern Ghanaian state, was not only an African anti-colonial leader but also one with a dream of a united Africa which would not drift into <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-colonialism" title="Neo-colonialism">neo-colonialism</a>. He was the first African head of state to promote <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a>, an idea he came into contact with during his studies at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_University_%28Pennsylvania%29" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (United States), at the time when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a> was becoming famous for his "Back to Africa Movement." He merged the dreams of both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a> and the celebrated African-American scholar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> into the formation of the modern day Ghana. Ghana's principles of freedom and justice, equity and free education for all, irrespective of ethnic background, religion or creed, borrow from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>'s implementation of Pan-Africanism.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Independence_Arch_-_Accra,_Ghana1.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Independence_Arch_-_Accra%2C_Ghana1.jpg/200px-Independence_Arch_-_Accra%2C_Ghana1.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Independence_Arch_-_Accra,_Ghana1.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Independence Arch, Ghana</div></div></div>Although his goal of African unity never realised, Osagyefo Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, as he is now known, played an instrumental part in the founding of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a>, which was succeeded in 2002 by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. His achievements were recognised by Ghanaians during his Centenary birthday celebrations and the day instituted as a public holiday in Ghana. Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>'s government was subsequently overthrown by the military while abroad in February 1966. It has been demonstrated that the United States' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) had an effective hand in forcing the coup, and this has been substantiated by the testimonies of former CIA officers <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_sponsored_regime_change" title="CIA sponsored regime change">(CIA-backed coup)</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stockwell1992_17-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-Stockwell1992-17">[18]</a></sup> Documents, declassified in 1999, only recently made public, reveal that then-US Secretary of State Dean Rusk and then-CIA director John McCone had met and shared secret correspondence with General J.A. Ankrah, and had specified that he would be the man to lead Ghana after the coup.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kpessa2005_18-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-Kpessa2005-18">[19]</a></sup><br />
A series of subsequent coups from 1966 to 1981 ended with the ascension to power of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Lieutenant" title="Flight Lieutenant">Flight Lieutenant</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a> in 1981. These changes resulted in the suspension of the constitution in 1981 and the banning of political parties. The economy suffered a severe decline soon after, and many Ghanaians migrated to other countries. Although most migrating Ghanaians went to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, the Nigerian government deported about a million Ghanaians back to Ghana in 1983.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-19">[20]</a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a> soon negotiated a structural adjustment plan with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and changed many old economic policies and the economy soon began to recover. A new constitution restoring multi-party politics was promulgated in 1992, and Rawlings was elected as president then and again in 1996. The Constitution of 1992 prohibited him from running for a third term, so his party, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Congress_%28Ghana%29" title="National Democratic Congress (Ghana)">National Democratic Congress</a>, chose his Vice President, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Atta Mills</a>, to run against the opposition parties. Winning the 2000 elections, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Patriotic_Party" title="New Patriotic Party">New Patriotic Party</a> was sworn into office as President in January 2001, and beat Mills again in 2004; thus, also serving two terms as President.<br />
Since 2008 Ghana have had several issues with its taxing and income of most of its workers. It has had several issues with ongoing security which has led to a major decrease in the country's overall wealth. As well as this the next president (see below) promised to build more tarmac roads as he commented on its major lack of them.<br />
In 2009, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Atta Mills</a> took office as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">president</a> with a difference of about 40,000 votes (0.46%) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-20">[21]</a></sup> between his party, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Congress_%28Ghana%29" title="National Democratic Congress (Ghana)">National Democratic Congress</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Patriotic_Party" title="New Patriotic Party">New Patriotic Party</a>, marking the second time that power had been transferred from one legitimately elected leader to another, and securing Ghana's status as a stable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-21">[22]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regions and districts">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Regions_and_districts">Regions and districts</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Ghana" title="Regions of Ghana">Regions of Ghana</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Ghana" title="Districts of Ghana">Districts of Ghana</a></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghana_regions_named.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="253" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ghana_regions_named.png/180px-Ghana_regions_named.png" width="180" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghana_regions_named.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Regions of Ghana</div></div></div>Ghana is divided into 10 administrative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Ghana" title="Regions of Ghana">regions</a>, subdivided into a total of 138 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Ghana" title="Districts of Ghana">districts</a>. The regions are:<br />
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<tr valign="top"><td style="width: 15em;"><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_%28region%29" title="Ashanti (region)">Ashanti</a>, capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brong-Ahafo_Region" title="Brong-Ahafo Region">Brong Ahafo</a>, capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyani" title="Sunyani">Sunyani</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Ghana" title="Central Region, Ghana">Central</a>, capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast">Cape Coast</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Ghana" title="Eastern Region, Ghana">Eastern</a>, capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koforidua" title="Koforidua">Koforidua</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Accra_Region" title="Greater Accra Region">Greater Accra</a>, capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></li>
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</td><td style="width: 15em;"><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Region,_Ghana" title="Northern Region, Ghana">Northern</a>, capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale,_Ghana" title="Tamale, Ghana">Tamale</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_East_Region" title="Upper East Region">Upper East</a>, capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgatanga" title="Bolgatanga">Bolgatanga</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_West_Region" title="Upper West Region">Upper West</a>, capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa,_Ghana" title="Wa, Ghana">Wa</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_Region" title="Volta Region">Volta</a>, capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho,_Ghana" title="Ho, Ghana">Ho</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Region,_Ghana" title="Western Region, Ghana">Western</a>, capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi-Takoradi" title="Sekondi-Takoradi">Sekondi-Takoradi</a></li>
</ul></td><td style="width: 1.25em;"><br />
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</tbody></table><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Population of major cities">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Population_of_major_cities">Population of major cities</span></h3><table class="wikitable"><tbody>
<tr><th>City</th><th>Population</th></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></td><td>3,963,264</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a></td><td>2,604,909</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale,_Ghana" title="Tamale, Ghana">Tamale</a></td><td>360,579</td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoradi" title="Takoradi">Takoradi</a></td><td>360,651</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema" title="Tema">Tema</a></td><td>229,106</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teshie" title="Teshie">Teshie</a></td><td>154,513</td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi" title="Sekondi">Sekondi</a></td><td>153,900</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast">Cape Coast</a></td><td>200,204</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obuasi" title="Obuasi">Obuasi</a></td><td>147,613</td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkwa-On-Offin" title="Dunkwa-On-Offin">Dunkwa-On-Offin</a></td><td>108,482</td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Ghana" title="Politics of Ghana">Politics of Ghana</a></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Ghana.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="133" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Supreme_Court_of_Ghana.jpg/200px-Supreme_Court_of_Ghana.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Ghana.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The Supreme Court Building, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghana%27s_50th_Independence_Anniversary.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ghana%27s_50th_Independence_Anniversary.jpg/200px-Ghana%27s_50th_Independence_Anniversary.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghana%27s_50th_Independence_Anniversary.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Ghana at 50 celebrations</div></div></div>According to the 2009 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_States_Index" title="Failed States Index">Failed States Index</a>, Ghana is ranked the 53rd least failed state in the world and the second least failed state in Africa after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>. Ghana ranked 124th out of 177 countries on the index.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-22">[23]</a></sup> Ghana also was placed 7th out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries in the 2008 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Index_of_African_Governance" title="Ibrahim Index of African Governance">Ibrahim Index of African Governance</a> which was based on data from 2006. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African government, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-23">[24]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span></h3>Ghana was created as a parliamentary democracy at independence in 1957, followed by alternating military and civilian governments. In January 1993, military government gave way to the Fourth Republic after presidential and parliamentary elections in late 1992. The 1992 constitution divides powers among a President, Parliament, Cabinet, Council of State, and an independent judiciary. The Government is elected by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>; however, the legislature is greatly malapportioned, with low-population districts receiving more representatives per person than those with high populations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cs_24-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-cs-24">[25]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</span></h3>There are ten administrative regions which are divided into 138 districts, each with its own District Assembly. Below districts are various types of councils, including 58 town or area councils, 108 zonal councils, and 626 area councils. 16,000 unit committees on lowest level.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cs_24-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-cs-24">[25]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judicial system">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Judicial_system">Judicial system</span></h3>The legal system is based on British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, customary (traditional) law, and the 1992 constitution. Court hierarchy consists of Supreme Court of Ghana (highest court), Courts of Appeal, and High Courts of Justice. Beneath these bodies are circuit, magisterial, and traditional courts. Extrajudicial institutions include public tribunals. Since independence, courts are relatively independent; this independence continues under Fourth Republic. Lower courts are being redefined and reorganized under the Fourth Republic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cs_24-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-cs-24">[25]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 102px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kofi_Annan.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="133" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kofi_Annan.jpg/100px-Kofi_Annan.jpg" width="100" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kofi_Annan.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></div></div></div>Political parties became legal in mid-1992 after a ten-year hiatus. There are many political parties under the Fourth Republic; the major ones are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Congress_%28Ghana%29" title="National Democratic Congress (Ghana)">National Democratic Congress</a> which won presidential and parliamentary elections in 1992, 1996 and 2008; the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Patriotic_Party" title="New Patriotic Party">New Patriotic Party</a>, the major opposition party which won elections in 2000 and 2004; the People's National Convention, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a>, successor to Kwame Nkrumah's original party of the same name.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cs_24-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-cs-24">[25]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</span></h3>Since independence, Ghana has been fervently devoted to ideals of nonalignment and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a>, both closely identified with first president, Osagyefo Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>. Ghana favours international and regional political and economic co-operation, and is an active member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
Many Ghanaian diplomats and politicians hold positions in international organisations. These include Ghanaian diplomat and former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, International Criminal Court Judge <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akua_Kuenyehia" title="Akua Kuenyehia">Akua Kuenyehia</a>,former president <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a> and former president John Agyekum Kuffour who have both been elected chairmen of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cs_24-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-cs-24">[25]</a></sup> before.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Economy of Ghana</a></div>Ghana has been listed among the 10 worst managed economies in the world according to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> (an American publishing and media company).It says,Ghana is a country that shouldn't be poor, but it is.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-25">[26]</a></sup> The West African nation's gross domestic product per capita fell 9% last year to $621, ranking it 154th out of 184 countries tracked by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-26">[27]</a></sup> Ghana is a lower Middle Income Economy. Well endowed with natural resources, Ghana has twice the per capita output of the poorer countries in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. Known for its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> in colonial times, Ghana, remains one of the world's top gold producers. Other exports such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oil</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber" title="Timber">timber</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-27">[28]</a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> are major sources of foreign exchange monitored, operated and managed by the Presidential Ministry Agricultural Arm of the Republic of Ghana headed by Mrs. Antoinette Efua-Addo. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-28">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twzwxn_29-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-twzwxn-29">[30]</a></sup> An oilfield which is reported to contain up to 3 billion barrels (480,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of light oil was discovered in 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-30">[31]</a></sup> Oil exploration is ongoing and the amount of oil continues to increase.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-31">[32]</a></sup> There is expected to be a tremendous inflow of capital into the economy beginning from the first quarter of 2010 when the country starts producing oil to be sold through overseas licensed counter-part GAZPROM in commercial quantities. Also the refining and sale of oil resources discovered off the Ghana coast licensed to oil giant GAZPROM has begun being monitored by the Ghana National Petroleum Company. The oil is expected to account for 6% of the revenue for 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-32">[33]</a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunyani_Cocoa_House.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sunyani_Cocoa_House.jpg/200px-Sunyani_Cocoa_House.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunyani_Cocoa_House.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyani" title="Sunyani">Sunyani</a> Cocoa House</div></div></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam" title="Akosombo Dam">Akosombo Dam</a>, which was built on the Volta River in 1965 provides hydro-electricity for Ghana and its neighboring countries.<br />
Ghana’s labor force in 2008 totalled 11.5 million people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cia.gov_33-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-cia.gov-33">[34]</a></sup> The economy continues to rely heavily on agriculture which accounts for 37.3% of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" title="Gross Domestic Product">GDP</a> and provides employment for 56% of the work force,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cia.gov_33-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-cia.gov-33">[34]</a></sup> mainly small landholders. Manufacturing is only a small part of the Ghanaian economy totalling 7.9% of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" title="Gross Domestic Product">Gross Domestic Product</a> in 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-34">[35]</a></sup><br />
Ineffective economic policies of past military governments and regional peacekeeping commitments have led to continued inflationary deficit financing, depreciation of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedi" title="Cedi">Cedi</a>, and rising public discontent with Ghana's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity measures</a>. Even so, Ghana remains one of the more economically sound countries in all of Africa.<br />
In July 2007, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Ghana" title="Bank of Ghana">Bank of Ghana</a> embarked on a currency <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-denomination" title="Re-denomination">re-denomination</a> exercise, from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedi" title="Cedi">Cedi</a> (¢) to the new currency, the Ghana Cedi (GH¢). The transfer rate is 1 Ghana Cedi for every 10,000 Cedis. The Bank of Ghana employed aggressive media campaigns to educate the public about the re-denomination.<br />
The new Ghana Cedi is relatively stable and in 2009 generally exchanged at a rate of $1 USD =Gh¢ 1.4 <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cia.gov_33-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-cia.gov-33">[34]</a></sup> The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_Added_Tax" title="Value Added Tax">Value Added Tax</a> is a consumption tax administered in Ghana. The tax regime which started in 1998 had a single rate but since September 2007 entered into a multiple rate regime.<br />
In 1998, the rate of tax was 10% and amended in 2000 to 12.5%. However with the passage of Act 734 of 2007, a 3% VAT Flat Rate Scheme (VFRS) began to operate for the retail distribution sector. This allows retailers of taxable goods under Act 546 to charge a marginal 3% on their sales and account on same to the VAT Service. It is aimed at simplifying the tax system and increasing compliance.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
Tourism is a rapidly growing sector particularly among Europeans, Americans, and other internationals connected to the Ghanain diaspora abroad. Ghana's political and economic stability, low crime rate, and wide use of English make the country an attractive entrypoint to West Africa for foreigners. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage Sites including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle" title="Cape Coast Castle">Cape Coast Castle</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a>, national parks such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakum_National_Park" title="Kakum National Park">Kakum National Park</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_National_Park" title="Mole National Park">Mole National Park</a>, as well as cultural celebrations such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panafest" title="Panafest">Panafest</a> are major centers of tourist activity.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Geography of Ghana</a></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beach_with_palms_Ghana.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beach_with_palms_Ghana.jpg/220px-Beach_with_palms_Ghana.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beach_with_palms_Ghana.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Beach in Ghana</div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elefanten_Mole_National_Park.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="146" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Elefanten_Mole_National_Park.jpg/220px-Elefanten_Mole_National_Park.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elefanten_Mole_National_Park.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Elephants at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_National_Park" title="Mole National Park">Mole National Park</a></div></div></div>Ghana is a country located on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>, only a few degrees north of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, therefore giving it a warm climate. The country spans an area of 238,500 km<sup>2</sup> (92,085 sq mi). It is surrounded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> to the east, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> to the west, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> to the north and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>) to the south. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Meridian" title="Prime Meridian">Greenwich Meridian</a> passes through Ghana, specifically through the industrial city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema" title="Tema">Tema</a>. Ghana is geographically closer to the "centre" of the world than any other country even though the notional centre, (0°, 0°) is located in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 614 km (382 mi) south of Accra, Ghana, in the Gulf of Guinea.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-35">[36]</a></sup><br />
The country encompasses flat plains, low hills and a few rivers. Ghana can be divided into five different geographical regions. The coastline is mostly a low, sandy shore backed by plains and scrub and intersected by several rivers and streams while the northern part of the country features high plains. Southwest and south central Ghana is made up of a forested plateau region consisting of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_%28region%29" title="Ashanti (region)">Ashanti</a> uplands and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwahu_Plateau" title="Kwahu Plateau">Kwahu Plateau</a> and the hilly Akuapim-Togo ranges are found along the country's eastern border.<br />
The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_Basin" title="Volta Basin">Volta Basin</a> also takes up most of central Ghana. Ghana's highest point is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Afadjato" title="Mount Afadjato">Mount Afadjato</a> which is 885 m (2,904 ft) and is found in the Akwapim-Togo Ranges. The climate is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a>. The eastern coastal belt is warm and comparatively dry (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey_Gap" title="Dahomey Gap">Dahomey Gap</a>); the southwest corner, hot and humid; and the north, hot and dry. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Volta" title="Lake Volta">Lake Volta</a>, the world's largest artificial lake, extends through large portions of eastern Ghana and is the main source of many tributary rivers such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oti_River" title="Oti River">Oti</a> and Afram rivers.<br />
There are two main seasons in Ghana; the wet and the dry seasons. Northern Ghana experiences its rainy season from March to November while the south, including the capital Accra, experiences the season from April to Mid-November. Southern Ghana contains evergreen and semideciduous forests consisting of trees such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odom_%28tree%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Odom (tree) (page does not exist)">odum</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>. It also contains much of Ghana's oil palms and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroves" title="Mangroves">mangroves</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_tree" title="Shea tree">Shea trees</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baobabs" title="Baobabs">baobabs</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacias" title="Acacias">acacias</a> are usually found in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_Region" title="Volta Region">Volta</a> region and the northern part of the country.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Ghana" title="Demographics of Ghana">Demographics of Ghana</a></div>Ghana has a population of about 24 million people. Ghana's first postindependence population census in 1960 counted about 6.7 million inhabitants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-36">[37]</a></sup> It is home to more than 100 different ethnic groups. Ghana has not seen the kind of ethnic conflict that has created civil wars in many other African countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-37">[38]</a></sup> The official language is English; however, most Ghanaians also speak at least one local language.<br />
The ethnic groups in Ghana are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> (which includes the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fante" title="Fante">Fante</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akyem" title="Akyem">Akyem</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti" title="Ashanti">Ashanti</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwahu" title="Kwahu">Kwahu</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akrpong-Akuapem&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Akrpong-Akuapem (page does not exist)">Akuapem</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzema" title="Nzema">Nzema</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abron" title="Abron">Bono</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwamu" title="Akwamu">Akwamu</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahanta" title="Ahanta">Ahanta</a> and others) 49.3%, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossi" title="Mossi">Mole</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagomba" title="Dagomba">Dagbon</a> 15.2%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> 11.7%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga_people" title="Ga people">Ga</a>-Dangme (comprising of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga_people" title="Ga people">Ga</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adangbe" title="Adangbe">Adangbe</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ada_%28people%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ada (people) (page does not exist)">Ada</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krobo&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Krobo (page does not exist)">Krobo</a> and others) 7.3%, Guan 4%, Gurma 3.6%, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurunsi" title="Gurunsi">Gurunsi</a> 2.6%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mande</a>-Busanga 1%, other tribes 1.4%, other (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerma" title="Djerma">Zabarema</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a>) 1.8% (2000 census). According to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, religious divisions are as follows: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" title="Christian">Christian</a> 68.8%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> 15.9%, Traditional African beliefs 8.5%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-state2007_38-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-state2007-38">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_39-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-autogenerated1-39">[40]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span></h3>As of 2009, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> at birth is about 59 years for males and 60 years for females <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_40-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-ReferenceB-40">[41]</a></sup> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> at 51 per 1000 live births.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_40-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-ReferenceB-40">[41]</a></sup> The birth rate is about 4 children per woman. There are about 15 physicians and 93 nurses per 100,000 persons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-afro.who.int_41-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-afro.who.int-41">[42]</a></sup> 4.5% of the country's GDP was spent on health in 2003.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-afro.who.int_41-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-afro.who.int-41">[42]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wesley_Methodist_Cathedral,_Kumasi,_Ghana.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="160" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wesley_Methodist_Cathedral%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg/220px-Wesley_Methodist_Cathedral%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wesley_Methodist_Cathedral,_Kumasi,_Ghana.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Methodist_Cathedral" title="Wesley Methodist Cathedral">Wesley Methodist Cathedral</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a></div></div></div>There are 47 local <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Languages in Ghana (page does not exist)">languages in Ghana</a>. English is the country's official language and predominates in government and business affairs. It is also the standard language used for educational instruction. Native Ghanaian languages are divided into two linguistic subfamilies of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo language family</a>. Languages belonging to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa subfamily</a> are found predominantly to the south of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_River" title="Volta River">Volta River</a>, while those belonging to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur subfamily</a> are found predominantly to the north. The Kwa group, which is spoken by about 75% of the country's population, includes the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga-Dangme_languages" title="Ga-Dangme languages">Ga-Dangme</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe languages</a>. The Gur group includes the Gurma, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grusi_languages" title="Grusi languages">Grusi</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani languages</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-42">[43]</a></sup> Nine languages have the status of government-sponsored languages: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a>, specifically <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Twi" title="Ashanti Twi">Ashanti Twi</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanti" title="Fanti">Fanti</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuapem_Twi" title="Akuapem Twi">Akuapem Twi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akyem" title="Akyem">Akyem</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwahu" title="Kwahu">Kwahu</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzema" title="Nzema">Nzema</a>; <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaare" title="Dagaare">Dagaare</a>/Wale, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adangme_language" title="Adangme language">Dangme</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonja_language" title="Gonja language">Gonja</a> and Kasem. Though not an official language, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua-franca" title="Lingua-franca">lingua-franca</a> among Ghana's Muslims<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-43">[44]</a></sup> who comprise about 16% of the population.<br />
Christianity is the majority <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">religion in Ghana</a> (68.8%). Minority religions include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (15.9%), and traditional African beliefs (8.5%).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-state2007_38-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-state2007-38">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_39-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-autogenerated1-39">[40]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture and media">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Culture_and_media">Culture and media</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadium_tamale2.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Stadium_tamale2.jpg/220px-Stadium_tamale2.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadium_tamale2.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale_Stadium" title="Tamale Stadium">Tamale Stadium</a></div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ghana" title="Culture of Ghana">Culture of Ghana</a></div>Ghana is an ethnically diverse country; thus, Ghanaian culture is a mixture of all its ethnic groups, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti" title="Ashanti">Ashanti</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fante" title="Fante">Fante</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akyem" title="Akyem">Akyem</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwahu" title="Kwahu">Kwahu</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga_people" title="Ga people">Ga</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamprusi" title="Mamprusi">Mamprusi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagomba" title="Dagomba">Dagomba</a>, among others. It is most evident in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian cuisine</a>, the arts and clothing.<br />
The celebration of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivals" title="Festivals">festivals</a> in Ghana is an essential part of Ghanaian culture and there are many of them such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homowo" title="Homowo">Homowo</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odwira&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Odwira (page does not exist)">Odwira</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aboakyer&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Aboakyer (page does not exist)">Aboakyer</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dodoleglime&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dodoleglime (page does not exist)">Dodoleglime</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hogbetsotso&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hogbetsotso (page does not exist)">Hogbetsotso</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tedudu&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tedudu (page does not exist)">Tedudu</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deza_%28festival%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Deza (festival) (page does not exist)">Deza (festival)</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandema&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sandema (page does not exist)">Sandema</a> among others. Several rites and rituals are performed throughout the year in various parts of the country, including child-birth, rites of passage, puberty, marriage and death.<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_Football" title="Association Football">Football</a> is the most popular Sport in Ghana. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team" title="Ghana national football team">national men's football team</a> is known as the Black Stars, with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_under-20_football_team" title="Ghana national under-20 football team">under-20 team</a> known as the Black Satellites. Ghana has participated in many championships including the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Cup_of_Nations" title="African Cup of Nations">African Cup of Nations</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-20_World_Cup" title="FIFA U-20 World Cup">FIFA U-20 World Cup</a>. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>, Ghana became the third African country to reach the quarter final stage of the World Cup after Cameroon in 1990 and Senegal in 2002.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-44">[45]</a></sup> There are several club football teams in Ghana, which play in the Ghana premier league and Division One league, both managed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Football_Association" title="Ghana Football Association">Ghana Football Association</a>. The country has also produced quite a few quality boxers such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azumah_Nelson" title="Azumah Nelson">Azumah Nelson</a> a three time world champion, Nana Yaw Konadu also a three time world champion, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ike_Quartey" title="Ike Quartey">Ike Quartey</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Clottey" title="Joshua Clottey">Joshua Clottey</a>. Ghana also have a successful hockey team winning tournaments such as the Afro-Asian cup.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kent_wove.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="235" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Kent_wove.jpg/170px-Kent_wove.jpg" width="170" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kent_wove.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti" title="Ashanti">Ashanti</a> Kente cloth</div></div></div>Textiles are very important in Ghanaian culture. These cloths are used to make traditional and modern attire. Different symbols and different colors mean different things. The Kente is probably the most famous of all the Ghanaian cloths. <i>Kente</i> is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti" title="Ashanti">Ashanti</a> ceremonial cloth hand-woven on a horizontal <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treadle_loom&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Treadle loom (page does not exist)">treadle loom</a>. Strips measuring about 4 inches wide are sewn together into larger pieces of cloths. Cloths come in various colors, sizes and designs and are worn during very important social and religious occasions. In a cultural context, kente is more important than just a cloth. It is a visual representation of history, and also form of a written language through weaving. The term kente has its roots in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Twi</a> word <i>kɛntɛn</i> which means a basket. The first kente weavers used raffia fibers to weave cloths that looked like kenten (a basket); and thus were referred to as kenten ntoma; meaning basket cloth. The original <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti" title="Ashanti">Asante</a> name of the cloth was <i>nsaduaso</i> or <i>nwontoma</i>, meaning "a cloth hand-woven on a loom"; however, the term kente is the most popularly used term today. Many variations of narrow-strip cloths similar to <i>kente</i> are woven by various ethnic groups in Ghana like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga_people" title="Ga people">Ga</a> and others in Africa. It is also popular among the African <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>.<br />
Ghana has been recognized on the international level through several artists, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_Kwei_Carpentry_Workshop" title="Kane Kwei Carpentry Workshop">Kane Kwei Carpentry Workshop</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Adjetey_Anang" title="Eric Adjetey Anang">Eric Adjetey Anang</a> who are creating the famous design coffins.<br />
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dashiki_and_kufi.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="134" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dashiki_and_kufi.jpg/200px-Dashiki_and_kufi.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dashiki_and_kufi.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Ghanaian drummers</div></div></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">music of Ghana</a> is diverse. The sound varies from ethnic group to ethnic group and region to region. Ghanaian music incorporates several distinct types of musical instruments such as the talking drum ensembles, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goje" title="Goje">goje</a> fiddle and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koloko&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Koloko (page does not exist)">koloko</a> lute, court music, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> atumpan, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga_people" title="Ga people">Ga</a> kpanlogo styles, and log <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophones</a> used in asonko music. The most well known genres to have come from Ghana are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-jazz" title="Afro-jazz">Afro-jazz</a> which was created by Ghanaian artist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Warren" title="Guy Warren">Kofi Ghanaba</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-45">[46]</a></sup> and its earlist form of secular music is called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">Highlife</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">Highlife</a> originated in the late 19th century and early 20th century and spread throughout West Africa mainly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. In the 1990s a new genre of music was created by the youth incorporating the influences of Highlife Afro-reggae, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphop" title="Hiphop">Hiphop</a>. This hybrid was called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">Hiplife</a>. Ghanaian artists such as R&B and Soul singer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhian_Benson" title="Rhian Benson">Rhian Benson</a> and Highlife singer Kojo Antwi have had international success.<br />
Ghanaian dance is as diverse as its music. Each ethnic group has their own traditional dances and there are different dances for different occasions. There are dances for funerals, celebrations, storytelling, praise and worship etc. Some of these dances include bamaya, adowa, kpanlongo, klama, agbadza, atsiagbekor, atsia, bɔbɔɔbɔ, and agahu.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Ghana" title="Media of Ghana">media of Ghana</a> is one of the most free in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and had previously undergone a series of government overthrows by military leaders and periods of severe restriction. Chapter 12 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana guarantees <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> and independence of the media, while Chapter 2 prohibits <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gov_46-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-gov-46">[47]</a></sup> Post independence, the government and media often had a tense relationship, with private outlets closed during the military coups and strict media laws that prevent criticism of government.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Anokwa_47-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-Anokwa-47">[48]</a></sup> The media freedoms were restored in 1992, and after the election in 2000 of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a> the tensions between the private media and government decreased. Kufuor was a supporter of press freedom and repealed a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">libel</a> law, though maintained that the media had to act responsibly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pr_48-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-pr-48">[49]</a></sup> The Ghanaian media has been described as "one of the most unfettered" in Africa, operating with little restriction on private media. The private press often carries criticism of government policy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc_49-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-bbc-49">[50]</a></sup> The media were vigorous in their coverage of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_presidential_election,_2008" title="Ghanaian presidential election, 2008">2008 Ghanaian presidential election</a>, and the Ghanaian Journalists Association (GJA) praised <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">John Atta Mills</a> on his election, hoping to foster a good media-government relationship.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-50">[51]</a></sup><br />
Famous British artist Adelaide Damoah is of Ghanian decent. Her work is noted for raising social issues whilst combining African and western influences.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-51">[52]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Education in Ghana</a></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambox_contradict.svg" title="Accuracy dispute"><img alt="Accuracy dispute" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/40px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png" width="40" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text">This article <b>appears to contradict the article <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Education in Ghana</a></b>. Please see discussion on the linked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Ghana" title="Talk:Ghana">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved. <span style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 130%;"><i>(July 2009)</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghana_students.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="182" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ghana_students.jpg/220px-Ghana_students.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghana_students.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Ghanaian school children</div></div></div>The adult literacy rate in Ghana was 65% in 2007 , with males at 71.7% and females at 58.3%. Ghana has a 6-year primary education system beginning at the age of six, and, under the educational reforms implemented in 1987 and reformed in 2007, they pass on to a 3-year junior high school system. At the end of the 3rd year of Junior High, there is a mandatory <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_Education_Certificate_Examination&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Basic Education Certificate Examination (page does not exist)">Basic Education Certificate Examination</a> (BECE). Those continuing must complete the 3-year senior high school (SHS) program and take an admission exam to enter any university or tertiary programme.<br />
Presently, Ghana has 21,530 primary schools, 8,850 junior secondary schools, 900 senior secondary schools, 52<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nab.gov.gh_52-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-nab.gov.gh-52">[53]</a></sup> public training colleges, 5<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nab.gov.gh_52-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-nab.gov.gh-52">[53]</a></sup> private training colleges, 5<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nab.gov.gh_52-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-nab.gov.gh-52">[53]</a></sup> polytechnical institutions, 4<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nab.gov.gh_52-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-nab.gov.gh-52">[53]</a></sup> non-university public tertiary institutions, 8<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nab.gov.gh_52-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-nab.gov.gh-52">[53]</a></sup> public universities and over 45<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nab.gov.gh_52-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-nab.gov.gh-52">[53]</a></sup> private tertiary institutions. Most Ghanaians have relatively easy access to primary and secondary education. These numbers can be contrasted with the single university and handful of secondary and primary schools that existed at the time of independence in 1957. Ghana's spending on education has varied between 28 and 40 percent of its annual budget in the past decade. All teaching is done in English, Ghana's official language, mostly by qualified Ghanaian educators.<br />
The courses taught at the Primary or Basic School level include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, Ghanaian language and Culture, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, Environmental studies, Social Studies and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> as a Third language are added, Integrated or General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a>, Pre- vocational Skills and Pre-technical skills, Religious and Moral Education, and physical activities such as Music, Dance and Physical Education. The Senior High level School curriculum has Core subjects and Elective subjects of which students must take four the core subjects of English language, Mathematics, Integrated Science (including Science, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> and Environmental studies) and Social Studies (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>).<br />
The High school students also choose 3 elective subjects from 5 available programmes: Agriculture Programme, General Programme (Arts or Science option), Business Programme, Vocational Programme and Technical programme.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-53">[54]</a></sup> Apart from most primary and secondary schools which choose the Ghanaian system of schooling, there are also international schools such as the Ghana International school, Tema International School, Galaxy International School, The Roman Ridge School, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Community_School_%28Accra_Ghana,_West_Africa%29" title="Lincoln Community School (Accra Ghana, West Africa)">Lincoln Community School</a> and the Gmeiner International College, which offer the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureat" title="International Baccalaureat">International Baccalaureat</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Level_General_Certificate_of_Education" title="Advanced Level General Certificate of Education">Advanced Level General Certificate of Education</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="International General Certificate of Secondary Education">International General Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (IGCSE).<br />
With 83 percent of its children in school, Ghana currently has one of the highest school enrolment rates in West Africa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-54">[55]</a></sup> The ratio of girls to boys in the total education system is 1:0.96, which for a West African country, is a considerable achievement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-news.myjoyonline.com_55-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-news.myjoyonline.com-55">[56]</a></sup> That said, some 500,000 children still remain out of school because of resource constraints in building schools, providing adequate textbooks and training new teachers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-news.myjoyonline.com_55-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-news.myjoyonline.com-55">[56]</a></sup> UNESCO reports that sixth-graders sitting a simple multiple-choice reading test scored on average the same mark that would be gained by random guessing.<br />
The oldest university in Ghana, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a>, which was founded in 1948, had a total of about 29,754 students in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_note-56">[57]</a></sup> Since Ghana's independence, the country has been one of the educational hot spots in Sub-Saharan Africa and has played host to notables such as President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, Alhaji Sir <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauda_Jawara" title="Dauda Jawara">Dauda Jawara</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian_Ekwensi" title="Cyprian Ekwensi">Cyprian Ekwensi</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> among others. Former <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Secretary_General" title="UN Secretary General">UN Secretary General</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> has been chancellor of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a> since 2008.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology">Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology</a>, the second university to be established in Ghana, is the premier university of science and technology in Ghana and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> sub region.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.5em 0.5em;"><table style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(249,249,249); font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg"><img alt="Flag of Ghana.svg" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" width="42" /></a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0pt;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ghana" title="Portal:Ghana">Ghana portal</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Ghana" title="Outline of Ghana">Outline of Ghana</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Ghana-related_articles" title="Index of Ghana-related articles">Index of Ghana-related articles</a></div><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ghana" title="Bibliography of Ghana">Bibliography of Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Ghana" title="Transport in Ghana">Transport in Ghana</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-small references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em;"><div class="references"><ol><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.emefa.myserver.org/Ghana.mp3" rel="nofollow">"Emefa.myserver.org"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.emefa.myserver.org/Ghana.mp3" rel="nofollow">http://www.emefa.myserver.org/Ghana.mp3</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Emefa.myserver.org&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emefa.myserver.org%2FGhana.mp3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-unpop-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-unpop_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2010) (PDF). <a class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf" rel="nofollow"><i>World Population Prospects, Table A.1</i></a>. 2008 revision. United Nations<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-03-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects%2C+Table+A.1&rft.aulast=Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%0APopulation+Division&rft.au=Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%0APopulation+Division&rft.date=2010&rft.series=2008+revision&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fwpp2008%2Fwpp2008_text_tables.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-imf-2">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-imf_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-imf_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C967%2C474%2C443%2C754%2C917%2C698%2C544&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=29&pr.y=6" rel="nofollow">"PPP GDP"</a>. International Monetary Fund<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C967%2C474%2C443%2C754%2C917%2C698%2C544&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=29&pr.y=6" rel="nofollow">http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C967%2C474%2C443%2C754%2C917%2C698%2C544&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=29&pr.y=6</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=PPP+GDP&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2010%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D2010%26ey%3D2015%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D512%252C941%252C914%252C446%252C612%252C666%252C614%252C668%252C311%252C672%252C213%252C946%252C911%252C137%252C193%252C962%252C122%252C674%252C912%252C676%252C313%252C548%252C419%252C556%252C513%252C678%252C316%252C181%252C913%252C682%252C124%252C684%252C339%252C273%252C638%252C921%252C514%252C948%252C218%252C943%252C963%252C686%252C616%252C688%252C223%252C518%252C516%252C728%252C918%252C558%252C748%252C138%252C618%252C196%252C522%252C278%252C622%252C692%252C156%252C694%252C624%252C142%252C626%252C449%252C628%252C564%252C228%252C283%252C924%252C853%252C233%252C288%252C632%252C293%252C636%252C566%252C634%252C964%252C238%252C182%252C662%252C453%252C960%252C968%252C423%252C922%252C935%252C714%252C128%252C862%252C611%252C716%252C321%252C456%252C243%252C722%252C248%252C942%252C469%252C718%252C253%252C724%252C642%252C576%252C643%252C936%252C939%252C961%252C644%252C813%252C819%252C199%252C172%252C184%252C132%252C524%252C646%252C361%252C648%252C362%252C915%252C364%252C134%252C732%252C652%252C366%252C174%252C734%252C328%252C144%252C258%252C146%252C656%252C463%252C654%252C528%252C336%252C923%252C263%252C738%252C268%252C578%252C532%252C537%252C944%252C742%252C176%252C866%252C534%252C369%252C536%252C744%252C429%252C186%252C433%252C925%252C178%252C746%252C436%252C926%252C136%252C466%252C343%252C112%252C158%252C111%252C439%252C298%252C916%252C927%252C664%252C846%252C826%252C299%252C542%252C582%252C967%252C474%252C443%252C754%252C917%252C698%252C544%26s%3DPPPGDP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D%26pr.x%3D29%26pr.y%3D6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-businessweek.com-3">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-businessweek.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-businessweek.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-11-05/ghana-s-economy-75-bigger-than-previously-estimated.html" rel="nofollow">"Ghana’s Economy 75% Bigger Than Previously Estimated"</a>. BusinessWeek. 2010-11-05<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-11-05/ghana-s-economy-75-bigger-than-previously-estimated.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-11-05/ghana-s-economy-75-bigger-than-previously-estimated.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ghana%E2%80%99s+Economy+75%25+Bigger+Than+Previously+Estimated&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2010-11-05&rft.pub=BusinessWeek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2010-11-05%2Fghana-s-economy-75-bigger-than-previously-estimated.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-warriorking-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-warriorking_4-0">^</a></b> Jackson, John G. <i>Introduction to African Civilizations</i>, 2001. Page 201.</li>
<li id="cite_note-colestablish-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-colestablish_5-0">^</a></b> MacLean, Iain. <i>Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair</i>, 2001. Page 76.</li>
<li id="cite_note-independence-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-independence_6-0">^</a></b> Peter N. Stearns and William Leonard Langer. <i>The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged</i>, 2001. Pages 813, 1050.</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html" rel="nofollow">"Ghana - MSN Encarta"</a>. <i>Ghana - MSN Encarta</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html" rel="nofollow">http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft.atitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761570799%2FGhana.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, encarta.msn.com</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm" rel="nofollow">"NEWS.BBC.co.uk"</a>. NEWS.BBC.co.uk. 2010-02-09<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm" rel="nofollow">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=NEWS.BBC.co.uk&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2010-02-09&rft.pub=NEWS.BBC.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1023355.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcghana.htm" rel="nofollow">"Geography.about.com"</a>. Geography.about.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcghana.htm" rel="nofollow">http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcghana.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Geography.about.com&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Geography.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fcia%2Fblcghana.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html" rel="nofollow">"Ghana - MSN Encarta"</a>. <i>Ghana - MSN Encarta</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html" rel="nofollow">http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft.atitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761570799%2FGhana.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, Encarta.msn.com</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#s66" rel="nofollow">"Ghana - MSN Encarta"</a>. <i>Ghana - MSN Encarta</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#s66" rel="nofollow">http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#s66</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft.atitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761570799_8%2FGhana.html%23s66&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-encarta.msn.com-12">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#p78" rel="nofollow">"Ghana - MSN Encarta"</a>. <i>Ghana - MSN Encarta</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#p78" rel="nofollow">http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_8/Ghana.html#p78</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft.atitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761570799_8%2FGhana.html%23p78&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/September/20080915145840dmslahrellek0.5556452.html" rel="nofollow">Bush Praises Strong Leadership of Ghanaian President Kufuor</a>. America.gov. September 15, 2008.</li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-14">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580620_3/Ashanti_Kingdom.html" rel="nofollow">Encarta.msn.com</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since December 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5kwpwoVQ8" rel="nofollow">Webcitation.org</a>, Archived 2009-10-31.</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=T9io2oPOAXAC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=ugcc+ghana+self+governance&source=bl&ots=3TYg6W5eaA&sig=q4U6m1yqQEXsQjAklzT4r06hS3I&hl=en&ei=fJNWSt3yCoSAMr_u2Z0I&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2" rel="nofollow"><i>The history of Ghana - Google Books</i></a>. Books.google.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=T9io2oPOAXAC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=ugcc+ghana+self+governance&source=bl&ots=3TYg6W5eaA&sig=q4U6m1yqQEXsQjAklzT4r06hS3I&hl=en&ei=fJNWSt3yCoSAMr_u2Z0I&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=T9io2oPOAXAC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=ugcc+ghana+self+governance&source=bl&ots=3TYg6W5eaA&sig=q4U6m1yqQEXsQjAklzT4r06hS3I&hl=en&ei=fJNWSt3yCoSAMr_u2Z0I&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Ghana+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=Books.google.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9io2oPOAXAC%26pg%3DPA92%26lpg%3DPA92%26dq%3Dugcc%2Bghana%2Bself%2Bgovernance%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D3TYg6W5eaA%26sig%3Dq4U6m1yqQEXsQjAklzT4r06hS3I%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DfJNWSt3yCoSAMr_u2Z0I%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/flag.php" rel="nofollow">"Ghana Flag"</a>. Ghanaweb.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/flag.php" rel="nofollow">http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/flag.php</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ghana+Flag&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Ghanaweb.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghanaweb.com%2FGhanaHomePage%2Frepublic%2Fflag.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Stockwell1992-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-Stockwell1992_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Adam Curtis (22 June 1992). "Interview with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stockwell" title="John Stockwell">John Stockwell</a> on "Black Power"". <i>BBC Two series, "Pandora's Box":</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interview+with+%5B%5BJohn+Stockwell%5D%5D+on+%22Black+Power%22&rft.jtitle=BBC+Two+series%2C+%22Pandora%27s+Box%22%3A&rft.aulast=Adam+Curtis&rft.au=Adam+Curtis&rft.date=22+June+1992&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Kpessa2005-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-Kpessa2005_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Kpessa, Michael Whyte (2005-02-24). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=75990" rel="nofollow">"24th February--A Dark Day In Our National History"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=75990" rel="nofollow">http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=75990</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=24th+February--A+Dark+Day+In+Our+National+History&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kpessa%2C+Michael+Whyte&rft.au=Kpessa%2C+Michael+Whyte&rft.date=2005-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghanaweb.com%2FGhanaHomePage%2Ffeatures%2Fartikel.php%3FID%3D75990&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_10/Ghana.html" rel="nofollow">"Ghana - MSN Encarta"</a>. <i>Ghana - MSN Encarta</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_10/Ghana.html" rel="nofollow">http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_10/Ghana.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft.atitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761570799_10%2FGhana.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.modernghana.com/news/197296/1/bbc-opposition-leader-wins-ghana-poll.html" rel="nofollow">"BBC: Opposition leader wins Ghana poll - modernghana.com/ghana elections"</a>. Modernghana.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.modernghana.com/news/197296/1/bbc-opposition-leader-wins-ghana-poll.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.modernghana.com/news/197296/1/bbc-opposition-leader-wins-ghana-poll.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=BBC%3A+Opposition+leader+wins+Ghana+poll+-+modernghana.com%2Fghana+elections&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Modernghana.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernghana.com%2Fnews%2F197296%2F1%2Fbbc-opposition-leader-wins-ghana-poll.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/08/world-news-in-brief" rel="nofollow">"Thousands celebrate as new president takes office"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 8 January 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/08/world-news-in-brief" rel="nofollow">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/08/world-news-in-brief</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thousands+celebrate+as+new+president+takes+office&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Guardian%5D%5D&rft.date=8+January+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fjan%2F08%2Fworld-news-in-brief&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/images/090624_2009_final_data.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Foreignpolicy.com"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/images/090624_2009_final_data.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.foreignpolicy.com/images/090624_2009_final_data.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Foreignpolicy.com&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignpolicy.com%2Fimages%2F090624_2009_final_data.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/" rel="nofollow">"Welcome to the Mo Ibrahim Foundation"</a>. Moibrahimfoundation.org<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Mo+Ibrahim+Foundation&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Moibrahimfoundation.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moibrahimfoundation.org%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cs-24">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-cs_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-cs_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-cs_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-cs_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-cs_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> "Government and Politics". <i><a class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html" rel="nofollow">A Country Study: Ghana</a></i> (La Verle Berry, editor). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (November 1994). <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <a class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html" rel="nofollow">Lcweb2.loc.gov</a></i></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Fisher, Daniel (2010-10-06). <a class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37603745/ns/business-forbescom/" rel="nofollow">"World's worst economies are home grown"</a>. MSNBC<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37603745/ns/business-forbescom/" rel="nofollow">http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37603745/ns/business-forbescom/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World%27s+worst+economies+are+home+grown&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Fisher%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.date=2010-10-06&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F37603745%2Fns%2Fbusiness-forbescom%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/08/zimbabwe-ghana-congo-nicaragua-business-worst-economies.html" rel="nofollow">"The World's Worst Economies"</a>. Forbes.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/08/zimbabwe-ghana-congo-nicaragua-business-worst-economies.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/08/zimbabwe-ghana-congo-nicaragua-business-worst-economies.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Worst+Economies&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Forbes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2010%2F06%2F08%2Fzimbabwe-ghana-congo-nicaragua-business-worst-economies.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.aluworks.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=60&734e1554a786d82e908c7c85044123c2=746b376516a36724613692ecab763f6f" rel="nofollow">"Aluworks.com"</a>. Aluworks.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.aluworks.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=60&734e1554a786d82e908c7c85044123c2=746b376516a36724613692ecab763f6f" rel="nofollow">http://www.aluworks.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=60&734e1554a786d82e908c7c85044123c2=746b376516a36724613692ecab763f6f</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Aluworks.com&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Aluworks.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aluworks.com%2Fsite%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D63%26Itemid%3D60%26734e1554a786d82e908c7c85044123c2%3D746b376516a36724613692ecab763f6f&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.ghana-agricexport.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.ghana-agricexport.com/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-twzwxn-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-twzwxn_29-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="https://cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gh.html" rel="nofollow">The World Factbook</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071226200944/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071222/ap_on_re_af/ghana_oil_discovery_3" rel="nofollow">"Ghana leader: Oil reserves at 3B barrels - Yahoo! News"</a>. Web.archive.org. 2007-12-22<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071226200944/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071222/ap_on_re_af/ghana_oil_discovery_3" rel="nofollow">http://web.archive.org/web/20071226200944/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071222/ap_on_re_af/ghana_oil_discovery_3</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ghana+leader%3A+Oil+reserves+at+3B+barrels+-+Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-12-22&rft.pub=Web.archive.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071226200944%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fap%2F20071222%2Fap_on_re_af%2Fghana_oil_discovery_3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=57319" rel="nofollow">"Kosmos Makes Second Oil Discovery Offshore Ghana"</a>. Rigzone.com. 2008-02-25<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=57319" rel="nofollow">http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=57319</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Kosmos+Makes+Second+Oil+Discovery+Offshore+Ghana&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2008-02-25&rft.pub=Rigzone.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigzone.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.asp%3Fa_id%3D57319&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bet.com/News/GhanatoPumpOil.htm" rel="nofollow">"bet.com"</a>. bet.com. 2010-12-15<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.bet.com/News/GhanatoPumpOil.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.bet.com/News/GhanatoPumpOil.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=bet.com&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft.pub=bet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bet.com%2FNews%2FGhanatoPumpOil.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cia.gov-33">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-cia.gov_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-cia.gov_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-cia.gov_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since August 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_5/Ghana.html" rel="nofollow">"Ghana - MSN Encarta"</a>. <i>Ghana - MSN Encarta</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_5/Ghana.html" rel="nofollow">http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_5/Ghana.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft.atitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761570799_5%2FGhana.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, encarta.msn.com</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth" title="Extreme points of Earth">Extreme points of Earth</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> "<a class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/ghana/33.htm" rel="nofollow">Ghana – population</a>". <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_2/Ghana.html" rel="nofollow">"Ghana - MSN Encarta"</a>. <i>Ghana - MSN Encarta</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_2/Ghana.html" rel="nofollow">http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799_2/Ghana.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft.atitle=Ghana+-+MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761570799_2%2FGhana.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-state2007-38">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-state2007_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-state2007_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90100.htm" rel="nofollow">"International Religious Freedom Report 2007"</a>. U.S. Department of State<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90100.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90100.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 December 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2007&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2007%2F90100.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-39">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-autogenerated1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-autogenerated1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html" rel="nofollow">"CIA - The World Factbook - Ghana"</a>. U.S. CIA<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html" rel="nofollow">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 December 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CIA+-+The+World+Factbook+-+Ghana&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=U.S.+CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fgh.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-40">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-ReferenceB_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-ReferenceB_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html" rel="nofollow">"CIA - The World Factbook"</a>. Cia.gov<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html" rel="nofollow">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CIA+-+The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fgh.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-afro.who.int-41">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-afro.who.int_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-afro.who.int_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/ghana.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Afro.who.int"</a>. Afro.who.int<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/ghana.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/ghana.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Afro.who.int&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Afro.who.int&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afro.who.int%2Fhome%2Fcountries%2Ffact_sheets%2Fghana.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">LaVerle Berry, ed (1995). <a class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Ghana: A Country Study</i></a>. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 81–82. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0844408352" title="Special:BookSources/0844408352">0844408352</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html" rel="nofollow">http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghana%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.date=1995&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B81%E2%80%9382&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.isbn=0844408352&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fghtoc.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa language</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_50" rel="nofollow">"USA 1-2 Ghana (aet)"</a>. NEWS.BBC.co.uk. 2009-06-26<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_50" rel="nofollow">http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_50</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=USA+1-2+Ghana+%28aet%29&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.pub=NEWS.BBC.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Ffootball%2Fworld_cup_2010%2Fmatches%2Fmatch_50&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200902120888.html" rel="nofollow">"Ghana: Kofi Ghanaba - Influential Drummer Who Emphasised the African Origins of Jazz"</a>. Ghanaian Chronicle. 12 February 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200902120888.html" rel="nofollow">http://allafrica.com/stories/200902120888.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-05-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ghana%3A+Kofi+Ghanaba+-+Influential+Drummer+Who+Emphasised+the+African+Origins+of+Jazz&rft.atitle=&rft.date=12+February+2009&rft.pub=Ghanaian+Chronicle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200902120888.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-gov-46"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-gov_46-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ghana.gov.gh/ghana/constitution_republic_ghana.jsp" rel="nofollow">Constitution of Ghana</a>, <i>Government of Ghana</i>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Anokwa-47"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-Anokwa_47-0">^</a></b> Anokwa, K. (1997). In <i>Press Freedom and Communication in Africa.</i> Erbio, F. & Jong-Ebot, W. (Eds.) Africa World Press. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865435513">ISBN 978-0-86543-551-3</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-pr-48"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-pr_48-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pressreference.com/Fa-Gu/Ghana.html" rel="nofollow">Ghanian Media</a>, <i>Press Reference</i>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-bbc-49"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-bbc_49-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm#media" rel="nofollow">BBC Country Profile: Ghana</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://news.myjoyonline.com/politics/200901/24923.asp" rel="nofollow">GJA congratulates President Atta Mills</a>, <i>Joy Radio</i>, January 11, 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Art/5475534-147/story.csp" rel="nofollow">"My work is social commentary"</a>. 2010-12-24<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Art/5475534-147/story.csp" rel="nofollow">http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Art/5475534-147/story.csp</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=My+work+is+social+commentary&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2010-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F234next.com%2Fcsp%2Fcms%2Fsites%2FNext%2FArtsandCulture%2FArt%2F5475534-147%2Fstory.csp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nab.gov.gh-52">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-nab.gov.gh_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-nab.gov.gh_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-nab.gov.gh_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-nab.gov.gh_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-nab.gov.gh_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-nab.gov.gh_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nab.gov.gh/nabsite/downloads/ACCREDITED%20TERTIARY%20INSTITTUION%20latest.pdf" rel="nofollow">NAB.gov.gh</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since June 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.tobeworldwide.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=4" rel="nofollow">"TobeWorldwide.org"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.tobeworldwide.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=4" rel="nofollow">http://www.tobeworldwide.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=4</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=TobeWorldwide.org&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tobeworldwide.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_view%26gid%3D4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence/article1214628/" rel="nofollow">"This page is available to GlobePlus subscribers"</a>. Theglobeandmail.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence/article1214628/" rel="nofollow">http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence/article1214628/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=This+page+is+available+to+GlobePlus+subscribers&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Theglobeandmail.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fa-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence%2Farticle1214628%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-news.myjoyonline.com-55">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-news.myjoyonline.com_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-news.myjoyonline.com_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://news.myjoyonline.com/features/200907/32516.asp" rel="nofollow">"Ghana News :: '''Obama:''' What is the agenda for education in Ghana? ::: Breaking News | News in Ghana | features"</a>. News.myjoyonline.com. 2009-07-10<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://news.myjoyonline.com/features/200907/32516.asp" rel="nofollow">http://news.myjoyonline.com/features/200907/32516.asp</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ghana+News+%3A%3A+%27%26%2339%3B%27Obama%3A%27%26%2339%3B%27+What+is+the+agenda+for+education+in+Ghana%3F+%3A%3A%3A+Breaking+News+%26%23124%3B+News+in+Ghana+%26%23124%3B+features&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft.pub=News.myjoyonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.myjoyonline.com%2Ffeatures%2F200907%2F32516.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ug.edu.gh/index1.php?linkid=243&sublinkid=72" rel="nofollow">"University of Ghana"</a>. Ug.edu.gh<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.ug.edu.gh/index1.php?linkid=243&sublinkid=72" rel="nofollow">http://www.ug.edu.gh/index1.php?linkid=243&sublinkid=72</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=University+of+Ghana&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Ug.edu.gh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ug.edu.gh%2Findex1.php%3Flinkid%3D243%26sublinkid%3D72&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ghana"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
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<tr><td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Ghana" title="Politics of Ghana">Government and politics</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Ghana" title="Corruption in Ghana">Corruption</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Ghana" title="Elections in Ghana">Elections</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Ghana" title="Flag of Ghana">Flag</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ghana" title="Foreign relations of Ghana">Foreign relations</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ghana_governments" title="List of Ghana governments">Governments</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ghana" title="Judiciary of Ghana">Judiciary</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Ghanaian_Government" title="Ministers of the Ghanaian Government">Ministers</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Ghana" title="Parliament of Ghana">Parliament</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ghana" title="List of political parties in Ghana">Political parties</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ghana" title="List of heads of state of Ghana">President</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Human rights in Ghana (page does not exist)">Human rights</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ghana" title="LGBT rights in Ghana">LGBT rights</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Geography</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ghana" title="List of cities in Ghana">Cities</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Ghana" title="Regions of Ghana">Regions</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Ghana" title="Districts of Ghana">Districts</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ghana" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ghana">Water supply and sanitation</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ghana" title="Culture of Ghana">Culture and society</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Ghana" title="Cuisine of Ghana">Cuisine</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Ghana" title="Demographics of Ghana">Demographics</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Education</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ghana" title="Public holidays in Ghana">Holidays</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Languages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conduct_in_Ghana" title="Social conduct in Ghana">Social conduct</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="navbox-group">Other topics</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Communications</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Economy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">History</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Ghana" title="Military of Ghana">Military</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ghana" title="Rugby union in Ghana">Rugby union in Ghana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Ghana" title="Transport in Ghana">Transport</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ghanaians" title="List of Ghanaians">List of Ghanaians</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<a class="external free" href="http://www.damoaharts.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.damoaharts.com/</a><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;">Find more about <b>Ghana</b> on Wikipedia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="wikt:Special:Search/Ghana">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="Search Commons"><img alt="" height="24" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="commons:Special:Search/Ghana">Images and media</a> from Commons</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="v:Special:Search/Ghana">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="25" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="n:Special:Search/Ghana">News stories</a> from Wikinews</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="q:Special:Search/Ghana">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="24" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="s:Special:Search/Ghana">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="25" /></a></td><td><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghana" title="b:Special:Search/Ghana">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td></tr>
</tbody></table><dl><dt>Government</dt>
</dl><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ghana.gov.gh/" rel="nofollow">Ghana</a> official Website, Ghana.gov.gh</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.gh/" rel="nofollow">The Parliament of Ghana</a> official site, parliament.gh</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/" rel="nofollow">National Commission on Culture</a> official site, ghanaculture.gov.gh</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-g/ghana.html" rel="nofollow">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a>, cia.gov</li>
</ul><dl><dt>General information</dt>
</dl><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023355.stm" rel="nofollow">Country Profile</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, news.bbc.co.uk</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/nations/Ghana" rel="nofollow">Ghana</a> from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>, britannica.com</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html" rel="nofollow">Ghana</a> entry at <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ghana.htm" rel="nofollow">Ghana</a> from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i>, ucblibraries.Colorado.eu</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Ghana/" rel="nofollow">Ghana</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a></li>
<li><a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Ghana" title="commons:Atlas of Ghana">Wikimedia Atlas of Ghana</a></li>
<li>The <a class="external text" href="http://africanactivist.msu.edu/" rel="nofollow">African Activist Archive Project</a> website has photographs of the All Africa People's Conference held in Accra, Ghana, December 5–13, 1958 including <a class="external text" href="http://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=476" rel="nofollow">Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana</a>, addressing the conference, the <a class="external text" href="http://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=85" rel="nofollow">American Committee on Africa delegation</a> meeting with Nkrumah, and of <a class="external text" href="http://africanactivist.msu.edu/image.php?objectid=470" rel="nofollow">Patrick Duncan and Alfred Hutchinson</a> of South Africa at the conference.</li>
</ul><dl><dt>Health</dt>
</dl><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-424538484738181565&hl=en" rel="nofollow">Unite For Sight at Buduburam Refugee Camp, Ghana</a> A Unite For Sight video documentary with interviews of residents at Buduburam Refugee Camp, Ghana. Unite For Sight provides free eye care for the residents. video.google.com</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ghanaeyefoundation.org/" rel="nofollow">Ghana Eye Foundation</a> A Non Governmental Organisation to create awareness and mobilise resources to support the provision of a sustainable, equitable and quality eye health service by well-trained and appropriately motivated personnel to all residents in Ghana.</li>
</ul><dl><dt>Other</dt>
</dl><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/materials/handouts/ghanares.html" rel="nofollow">Ghana: An Annotated List of Books and Other Resources for Teaching About Ghana</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/materials/handouts/gp.html" rel="nofollow">Proverbs from Ghana</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.business-anti-corruption.dk/normal.asp?pageid=82" rel="nofollow">Business Anti-Corruption Portal</a> Ghana Country Profile</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/web/guest/country/home/tags/ghana" rel="nofollow">Rural poverty in Ghana</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFAD" title="IFAD">IFAD</a>)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://gohoto.com.gh/" rel="nofollow">Ghana Travel Pages</a></li>
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<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"></div><span style="font-size: 110%;">Articles Related to Ghana</span></th></tr>
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<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ghana_governments" title="Template:Ghana governments"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ghana_governments" title="Template talk:Ghana governments"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ghana_governments&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size: 110%;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg"><img alt="Flag of Ghana.svg" height="21" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" width="32" /></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ghana_governments" title="List of Ghana governments">Ghana governments</a></span></th></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group">Democratic:</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkrumah_government" title="Nkrumah government">Nkrumah government</a> •</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busia_government" title="Busia government">Busia government</a> •</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limann_government" title="Limann government">Limann government</a> •</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawlings_government" title="Rawlings government">Rawlings government</a> •</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufuor_government" title="Kufuor government">Kufuor government</a> •</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mills_government_ministers" title="List of Mills government ministers">Mills government</a> </span></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group">Military:</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Council" title="National Liberation Council">National Liberation Council</a> •</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Redemption_Council" title="National Redemption Council">National Redemption Council</a> •</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_%28Ghana%29" title="Supreme Military Council (Ghana)">Supreme Military Council</a> •</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Revolutionary_Council,_Ghana" title="Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, Ghana">Armed Forces Revolutionary Council</a> •</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_National_Defence_Council" title="Provisional National Defence Council">Provisional National Defence Council</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"></div><span style="font-size: 110%;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg"><img alt="Gnome-globe.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" width="25" /></a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>Geographic locale</span></th></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="font-size: 111%; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Lat. <small>and</small> Long.</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img alt="" class="noprint" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erioll_world.svg/18px-Erioll_world.svg.png" style="cursor: pointer; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 3px; padding-top: 0px;" title="show location on an interactive map" /><a class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Ghana&params=5_33_N_0_15_W_" rel="nofollow"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°33′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°15′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.55°N 0.25°W</span><span style="display: none;"> / <span class="geo">5.55; -0.25</span></span></span></a></span> <span style="color: darkblue;">(Accra)</span></b><br />
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<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_of_Africa&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size: 110%;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_and_territories" title="List of African countries and territories">Countries and territories of Africa</a></span></th></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Africa" title="Category:West Africa">West Africa</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Africa" title="Map indicating Western Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Western Africa" height="44" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/LocationWesternAfrica.png/40px-LocationWesternAfrica.png" width="40" /></a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><strong class="selflink">Ghana</strong> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(247,247,247);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:North_Africa" title="Category:North Africa">North Africa</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:North_Africa" title="Map indicating Northern Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Northern Africa" height="44" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/LocationNorthernAfrica.png/40px-LocationNorthernAfrica.png" width="40" /></a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Central_Africa" title="Category:Central Africa">Central Africa</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Central_Africa" title="Map indicating Central Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Central Africa" height="44" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png/40px-LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png" width="40" /></a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(247,247,247);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:East_Africa" title="Category:East Africa">East Africa</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:East_Africa" title="Map indicating Eastern Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Eastern Africa" height="44" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LocationEasternAfrica.png/40px-LocationEasternAfrica.png" width="40" /></a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Africa" title="Category:Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Africa" title="Map indicating Southern Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Southern Africa" height="44" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/LocationSouthernAfrica.png/40px-LocationSouthernAfrica.png" width="40" /></a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(247,247,247);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />
limited recognition</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(247,247,247);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent#Non-contiguous" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">Partially in Africa</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a>)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> / <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a>)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a>)</small></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(247,247,247);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>)</small></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_territorial_disputes" title="List of territorial disputes">Unclear sovereignty</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.25em; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"></div><span style="font-size: 110%;">International membership</span></th></tr>
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<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:African_Union_%28AU%29" title="Template:African Union (AU)"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union_%28AU%29" title="Template talk:African Union (AU)"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African_Union_%28AU%29&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union (AU)</a></span></th></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><div><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><strong class="selflink">Ghana</strong> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></span></div></div></td></tr>
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<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="Template:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="Template talk:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></span></th></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group">Members</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></span> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></span> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></span> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></span> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></span> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></span> • <strong class="selflink">Ghana</strong> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></span> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></span> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></span> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></span> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group">Ministerial Meetings</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd_Ministerial_Meeting_of_the_Zone_for_Peace_and_Cooperation_in_the_South_Atlantic&action=edit&redlink=1" title="2nd Ministerial Meeting of the Zone for Peace and Cooperation in the South Atlantic (page does not exist)">2nd (1993)</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3rd_Ministerial_Meeting_of_the_Zone_for_Peace_and_Cooperation_in_the_South_Atlantic&action=edit&redlink=1" title="3rd Ministerial Meeting of the Zone for Peace and Cooperation in the South Atlantic (page does not exist)">3rd (1994)</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Ministerial_Meeting_of_the_Zone_for_Peace_and_Cooperation_in_the_South_Atlantic&action=edit&redlink=1" title="4th Ministerial Meeting of the Zone for Peace and Cooperation in the South Atlantic (page does not exist)">4th (1996)</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th_Ministerial_Meeting_of_the_Zone_for_Peace_and_Cooperation_in_the_South_Atlantic&action=edit&redlink=1" title="5th Ministerial Meeting of the Zone for Peace and Cooperation in the South Atlantic (page does not exist)">5th (1998)</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_Ministerial_Meeting_of_the_Zone_for_Peace_and_Cooperation_in_the_South_Atlantic&action=edit&redlink=1" title="6th Ministerial Meeting of the Zone for Peace and Cooperation in the South Atlantic (page does not exist)">6th (2007)</a></div></td></tr>
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<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(13,41,129); border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; color: #ffc926; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Template:Commonwealth of Nations"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(13,41,129); border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; color: #ffc926;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Nations"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(13,41,129); border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; color: #ffc926;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(13,41,129); border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; color: #ffc926;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="List of members of the Commonwealth of Nations"><span style="color: #ffc926;">Members of the</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations"><span style="color: #ffc926;">Commonwealth of Nations</span></a></span></th></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(39,68,144); color: #ffc926;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty"><span style="color: #ffc926;">Sovereign states</span></a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> <small>(<i>suspended</i>)</small> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <strong class="selflink">Ghana</strong> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(39,68,144); color: #ffc926;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory"><span style="color: #ffc926;">Dependencies</span></a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em;">Australia</div></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(247,247,247); border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></span></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em;">New Zealand</div></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: white; border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><div><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-top: 0em;">United Kingdom</div></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(247,247,247); border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><div><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">St. Helena</a> <small>(including <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></span> and <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></span>)</small> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></span></div></div></td></tr>
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<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"></div><span style="font-size: 110%;">Languages</span></th></tr>
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<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Niger-Congo-speaking_nations" title="Template:Niger-Congo-speaking nations"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Niger-Congo-speaking_nations&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Template talk:Niger-Congo-speaking nations (page does not exist)"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Niger-Congo-speaking_nations&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo-speaking</a> nations</span></th></tr>
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<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"></div><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordofanian_languages" title="Kordofanian languages">Kordofanian</a></span></th></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></div></td></tr>
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<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"></div><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></span></th></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 6.5em;"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 12.75em;"><div><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/22px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 12.75em;"><div><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 12.75em;"><div><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 12.75em;"><div><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 12.75em;"><div><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 12.75em;"><div><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/22px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/22px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 12.75em;"><div><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable13" style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(245,221,183);"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#" id="collapseButton13">show</a>]</span> <br />
<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"></div><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic-Congo_languages" title="Atlantic-Congo languages">Atlantic-Congo</a></span></th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 5.5em;"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_languages" title="Atlantic languages">Atlantic</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/22px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/22px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">CAR</a><br />
<div style="padding-bottom: 0.8em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.5em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></div></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/22px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a><br />
<div style="padding-bottom: 0.8em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.5em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></div></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="19" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/22px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable14" style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(245,221,183);"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#" id="collapseButton14">show</a>]</span> <br />
<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"></div><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta-Congo_languages" title="Volta-Congo languages">Volta-Congo</a></span></th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 5.5em;"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/22px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/22px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/22px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><strong class="selflink">Ghana</strong><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa-Ubangi_languages" title="Adamawa-Ubangi languages">Adamawa-Ubangi</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">CAR</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/22px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/22px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><strong class="selflink">Ghana</strong><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable15" style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(245,221,183);"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#" id="collapseButton15">show</a>]</span> <br />
<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"></div><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue-Congo_languages" title="Benue-Congo languages">Benue-Congo</a></span></th></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 5.5em;"> </td><td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11em;"><div><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/22px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/22px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="17" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC</a><br />
<div style="padding-bottom: 0.8em; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0.5em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></div></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 13.6em;"><div><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Rep. of the Congo</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="17" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/22px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Swaziland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Swaziland.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a></div></td><td style="border-left: rgb(253,253,253) 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11.75em;"><div><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/22px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div><div style="font-size: 80%; padding-top: 0.35em;"><hr />CAR = Central African Republic • DRC = Democratic Republic of the Congo</div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable16" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#" id="collapseButton16">show</a>]</span> <br />
<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:English_official_language_clickable_map&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></span></th></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(221,221,238); color: darkblue; text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="color: darkblue; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><div><b>Dark blue</b>: Countries and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">territories</a> where English is spoken natively by a significant population.<br />
<b>Light blue</b>: Countries where English is an official language but less widely spoken.<br />
<br />
<center>Click on the coloured regions to view the related article.</center></div></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><div><div><map id="ImageMap_1_2069598160" name="ImageMap_1_2069598160"><area alt="English language in Europe" coords="234,92,275,79,277,93,310,95,312,89,295,89,298,80,303,74,298,41,308,20,270,22,255,41,259,57,245,63,236,72,231,82" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" shape="poly" title="English language in Europe"></area><area alt="Languages of Malta" coords="273,90,5" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" shape="circle" title="Languages of Malta"></area><area alt="Canadian English" coords="67,25,47,41,50,44,53,47,53,50,50,53,48,59,47,56,46,64,52,65,54,63,100,64,110,66,112,71,115,71,114,73,113,77,131,71,129,68,125,67,125,61,125,56,127,50,117,44,124,38,130,38,137,37,143,36,150,35,155,40,161,41,170,29,158,18,172,12,190,2,144,6,95,17" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English" shape="poly" title="Canadian English"></area><area alt="Quebec English" coords="147,36,133,42,126,55,126,61,125,68,130,71,138,68,152,67,163,59,150,56,150,54,155,52,157,44" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_English" shape="poly" title="Quebec English"></area><area alt="Canadian English" coords="158,41,155,53,149,52,149,56,153,58,161,59,161,60,155,65,140,68,140,72,143,74,168,65,168,51" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English" shape="poly" title="Canadian English"></area><area alt="Languages of Alaska" coords="67,23,44,44,30,45,5,53,5,47,24,27,44,23,65,22" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska#Languages" shape="poly" title="Languages of Alaska"></area><area alt="Falkland Islands English" coords="158,265,11" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" shape="circle" title="Falkland Islands English"></area><area alt="Scottish English" coords="243,41,252,53" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_English" shape="rect" title="Scottish English"></area><area alt="Hiberno-English" coords="246,55,236,53,233,61,243,62" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-English" shape="poly" title="Hiberno-English"></area><area alt="Mid Ulster English" coords="234,48,243,55" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Ulster_English" shape="rect" title="Mid Ulster English"></area><area alt="British English" coords="246,54,244,63,252,62,257,51" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English" shape="poly" title="British English"></area><area alt="Languages of Lesotho" coords="302,216,297,221,306,231,309,223" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Lesotho#Ethnic_groups_and_languages" shape="poly" title="Languages of Lesotho"></area><area alt="South African English" coords="305,231,296,222,302,216,311,224,315,215,306,216,306,213,308,213,307,208,304,207,295,213,293,212,289,216,287,212,284,219,279,217,281,231,303,233" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_English" shape="poly" title="South African English"></area><area alt="Languages of Swaziland" coords="309,212,306,215,306,217,309,217,314,217,315,208" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland#Languages" shape="poly" title="Languages of Swaziland"></area><area alt="Languages of Madagascar" coords="339,186,329,194,327,213,338,218,345,187" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Madagascar" shape="poly" title="Languages of Madagascar"></area><area alt="Languages of Mauritius" coords="358,206,16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius#Language" shape="circle" title="Languages of Mauritius"></area><area alt="Languages of Sierra Leone" coords="225,152,234,144,230,140,220,143" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone#Demographics" shape="poly" title="Languages of Sierra Leone"></area><area alt="Liberian English" coords="225,153,233,146,239,149,234,158" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_English" shape="poly" title="Liberian English"></area><area alt="Languages of Ghana" coords="243,137,254,158" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" shape="rect" title="Languages of Ghana"></area><area alt="Namlish" coords="261,195,289,197,285,218,266,219" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namlish" shape="poly" title="Namlish"></area><area alt="Languages of Botswana" coords="298,198,290,198,286,210,288,216,291,210,294,213,303,207" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Botswana#Languages" shape="poly" title="Languages of Botswana"></area><area alt="Languages of Zimbabwe" coords="305,194,301,198,303,206,309,206,312,200,312,195" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" shape="poly" title="Languages of Zimbabwe"></area><area alt="Languages of Zambia" coords="292,198,302,198,311,189,313,182,307,179,302,180,302,185,293,183,289,189" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Zambia" shape="poly" title="Languages of Zambia"></area><area alt="Malawian English" coords="311,179,310,191,315,197,320,192,317,183" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawian_English" shape="poly" title="Malawian English"></area><area alt="Languages of Tanzania" coords="322,170,312,164,307,164,304,171,306,178,314,181,318,185,332,185,331,170" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania#Language" shape="poly" title="Languages of Tanzania"></area><area alt="Languages of Rwanda" coords="300,161,308,166,303,171,297,168" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda#Demographics" shape="poly" title="Languages of Rwanda"></area><area alt="Ugandan English" coords="306,154,314,169" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_English" shape="rect" title="Ugandan English"></area><area alt="Languages of Kenya" coords="316,153,314,160,314,164,322,170,330,165,330,153" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" shape="poly" title="Languages of Kenya"></area><area alt="Languages of the Sudan" coords="296,116,290,136,300,154,319,154,312,145,319,116" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan" shape="poly" title="Languages of the Sudan"></area><area alt="Languages of Eritrea" coords="319,126,318,133,322,133,325,140,330,140,326,133" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Eritrea" shape="poly" title="Languages of Eritrea"></area><area alt="Languages of Ethiopia" coords="312,146,321,153,328,153,333,149,336,145,327,142,322,133,318,133" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" shape="poly" title="Languages of Ethiopia"></area><area alt="Languages of Nigeria" coords="257,132,254,149,253,156,264,158,267,152,268,146,273,147,280,137,276,132" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" shape="poly" title="Languages of Nigeria"></area><area alt="Cameroon English" coords="279,141,269,147,266,158,272,164,282,161,284,146" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_English" shape="poly" title="Cameroon English"></area><area alt="Pakistani English" coords="387,91,379,92,384,98,379,104,377,107,379,111,370,122,357,115,353,99,375,82,382,81,388,86" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_English" shape="poly" title="Pakistani English"></area><area alt="Indian English" coords="406,100,409,105,416,107,421,101,427,105,419,120,403,128,397,144,390,146,379,127,375,117,378,110,376,107,383,97,381,92,391,86" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_English" shape="poly" title="Indian English"></area><area alt="Australian English" coords="499,258,478,234,437,237,445,192,489,183,517,184,533,214,526,238" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English" shape="poly" title="Australian English"></area><area alt="New Zealand English" coords="548,227,521,246,522,264,566,261,578,226" 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href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" shape="rect" title="Languages of Fiji"></area><area alt="Singapore English" coords="443,161,4" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_English" shape="circle" title="Singapore English"></area><area alt="Philippine English" coords="462,122,493,155" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_English" shape="rect" title="Philippine English"></area><area alt="Hong Kong English" coords="457,116,6" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" shape="circle" title="Hong Kong English"></area><area alt="Languages of the Marshall Islands" coords="551,140,11" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands#Culture" shape="circle" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands"></area><area alt="Languages of Nauru" coords="560,163,8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" shape="circle" title="Languages of Nauru"></area><area alt="Bahamian English" coords="107,104,104,113,119,122,126,115,119,105" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamian_English" shape="poly" title="Bahamian English"></area><area alt="American English" coords="52,64,101,65,116,70,117,75,143,65,146,69,136,74,118,94,107,100,107,110,104,112,95,104,75,112,29,92,41,65" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English" shape="poly" title="American English"></area><area alt="Languages of the Cayman Islands" coords="101,123,5" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands#Languages" shape="circle" title="Languages of the Cayman Islands"></area><area alt="Jamaican English" coords="108,128,6" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_English" shape="circle" title="Jamaican English"></area><area alt="Languages of Belize" coords="82,119,95,135" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Belize" shape="rect" title="Languages of Belize"></area><area alt="Saint Helena English" coords="240,196,15" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena" shape="circle" title="Saint Helena English"></area><area alt="Languages of Guyana" coords="132,145,152,168" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Guyana" shape="rect" title="Languages of Guyana"></area><area alt="Languages of Puerto Rico" coords="123,117,131,134" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico#Language" shape="rect" title="Languages of Puerto Rico"></area><area alt="English of the Windward Islands and Leeward Islands" coords="131,117,149,145" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_English" shape="rect" title="English of the Windward Islands and Leeward Islands"></area><area alt="Bermudian English" coords="138,97,9" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudian_English" shape="circle" title="Bermudian English"></area></map><img alt="English sometimes spoken here" height="278" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Anglospeak%28800px%29Countries.png/600px-Anglospeak%28800px%29Countries.png" usemap="#ImageMap_1_2069598160" width="600" /></div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 100%;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: blue; color: blue;"></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(204,204,221); border-left: 2px solid; color: darkblue; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><b>Regions where English is an official language and spoken by a significant population</b></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(221,221,238);">Africa</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(221,221,238);"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>Americas</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba" title="Saba">Saba</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(221,221,238);">Asia</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(221,221,238);">Europe</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</small></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(221,221,238);">Oceania</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: lightblue; color: lightblue;"></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(204,204,221); border-left: 2px solid; color: darkblue; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><b>Regions where English is an official language but not as widely spoken</b></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(221,221,238);">Africa</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <strong class="selflink">Ghana</strong> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(221,221,238);">Americas</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(221,221,238);">Asia</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="navbox-group" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(221,221,238);"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>Oceania</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left: 2px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></div></td></tr>
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</tbody></table></td></tr>
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<tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(204,204,221); color: darkblue; text-align: center;"><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_page" title="wikt:Main page"><span style="color: purple;">English Wiktionary</span></a></b></td></tr>
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<div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana</a>"</div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ghana" title="Category:Ghana">Ghana</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African_countries" title="Category:African countries">African countries</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African_Union_member_states" title="Category:African Union member states">African Union member states</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_bordering_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Category:Countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean">Countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" title="Category:Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:English-speaking_countries_and_territories" title="Category:English-speaking countries and territories">English-speaking countries and territories</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Liberal_democracies" title="Category:Liberal democracies">Liberal democracies</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Members of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members of the Commonwealth of Nations</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1957" title="Category:States and territories established in 1957">States and territories established in 1957</a></span></div>Site Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02270365323542814793noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620605760327811095.post-73764047965552701822010-12-28T15:02:00.001+00:002011-01-03T15:18:47.945+00:00what is social media?<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Social media</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#p-search">search</a> </div><b>Social media</b> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_%28communication%29" title="Media (communication)">media</a> for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_interaction" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a>, using highly accessible and scalable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a> techniques. Social media uses <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web-based_technologies" title="Web-based technologies">web-based technologies</a> to turn communication into interactive dialogues. Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein also define social media as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>, which allows the creation and exchange of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business" title="Business">Businesses</a> also refer to social media as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer-generated_media" title="Consumer-generated media">consumer-generated media</a> (CGM). A common thread running through all definitions of social media is a blending of technology and social interaction for the co-creation of value.<br />
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<tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Distinction_from_industrial_media"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Distinction from industrial media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Social_media.2C_Marketing.2C_and_.22social_authority.22"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Social media, Marketing, and "social authority"</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Communication"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Communication</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Collaboration.2Fauthority_building"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Collaboration/authority building</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Multimedia"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Multimedia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Reviews_and_opinions"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Reviews and opinions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Entertainment"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Entertainment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Brand_monitoring"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Brand monitoring</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distinction from industrial media">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Distinction_from_industrial_media">Distinction from industrial media</span></h2>People gain information, education, news, etc., by electronic media and print media. Social media are distinct from industrial or traditional media, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>. They are relatively inexpensive and accessible to enable anyone (even private individuals) to publish or access information, compared to industrial media, which generally require significant resources to publish information.<br />
One characteristic shared by both social media and industrial media is the capability to reach small or large audiences; for example, either a blog post or a television show may reach zero people or millions of people. The properties that help describe the differences between social media and industrial media depend on the study. Some of these properties are:<br />
<ol><li>Reach - both industrial and social media technologies provide scale and enable anyone to reach a global audience.</li>
<li>Accessibility - the means of production for industrial media are typically owned privately or by government; social media tools are generally available to anyone at little or no cost.</li>
<li>Usability - industrial media production typically requires specialized skills and training. Most social media does not, or in some cases reinvent skills, so anyone can operate the means of production.</li>
<li>Recency - the time lag between communications produced by industrial media can be long (days, weeks, or even months) compared to social media (which can be capable of virtually instantaneous responses; only the participants determine any delay in response). As industrial media are currently adopting social media tools, this feature may well not be distinctive anymore in some time.</li>
<li>Permanence - industrial media, once created, cannot be altered (once a magazine article is printed and distributed changes cannot be made to that same article) whereas social media can be altered almost instantaneously by comments or editing.</li>
</ol>Community media constitute an interesting hybrid of industrial and social media. Though community-owned, some community radios, TV and newspapers are run by professionals and some by amateurs. They use both social and industrial media frameworks.<br />
In his 2006 book, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Networks" title="The Wealth of Networks">The Wealth of Networks</a>: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a> analyzed many of these distinctions and their implications in terms of both economics and political liberty. However, Benkler, like many academics, uses the neologism <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_economy" title="Network economy">network economy</a> or "network information economy" to describe the underlying economic, social, and technological characteristics of what has come to be known as "social media".<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Keen" title="Andrew Keen">Andrew Keen</a> criticizes social media in his book <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cult_of_the_Amateur" title="The Cult of the Amateur">The Cult of the Amateur</a></i>, writing, "Out of this anarchy, it suddenly became clear that what was governing the infinite monkeys now inputting away on the Internet was the law of digital Darwinism, the survival of the loudest and most opinionated. Under these rules, the only way to intellectually prevail is by infinite filibustering."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> contends that the danger of social networking sites is that most are silos and do not allow users to port data from one site to another. He also cautions against social networks that grow too big and become a monopoly as this tends to limit innovation<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup>.<br />
There are various statistics that account for social media usage and effectiveness for individuals worldwide. Some of the most recent statistics are as follows:<br />
<ul><li>Social networking now accounts for 22% of all time spent online in the US.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup></li>
<li>A total of 234 million people age 13 and older in the U.S. used mobile devices in December 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li>Twitter processed more than one billion tweets in December 2009 and averages almost 40 million tweets per day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup></li>
<li>Over 25% of U.S. internet page views occurred at one of the top social networking sites in December 2009, up from 13.8% a year before.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li>Australia has some of the highest social media usage statistics in the world. In terms of Facebook use Australia ranks highest with almost 9 hours per month from over 9 million users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social media, Marketing, and "social authority"">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Social_media.2C_Marketing.2C_and_.22social_authority.22">Social media, Marketing, and "social authority"</span></h2>One of the key components in successful social media marketing implementation is building "social authority". Social authority is developed when an individual or organization establishes themselves as an "expert" in their given field or area, thereby becoming an "<a class="external text" href="http://wiki.smac.org/social-consumers/influencer" rel="nofollow">influencer</a>" in that field or area. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup><br />
It is through this process of "building social authority" that social media becomes effective. That is why one of the foundational concepts in social media has become that you cannot completely control your message through social media but rather you can simply begin to participate in the "conversation" in the hopes that you can become a relevant influence in that conversation. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup><br />
However, this conversation participation must be cleverly executed because while people are resistant to marketing in general, they are even more resistant to direct or overt marketing through social media platforms. This may seem counter-intuitive but is the main reason building social authority with <a class="external text" href="http://wiki.smac.org/social-equity-terms/credibility" rel="nofollow">credibility</a> is so important. A marketer can generally not expect people to be receptive to a marketing message in and of itself. In the <a class="external text" href="http://www.edelman.com/trust/2008/" rel="nofollow">Edleman Trust Barometer report</a> in 2008, the majority (58%) of the respondents reported they most trusted company or product information coming from "people like me" inferred to be information from someone they trusted. In the <a class="external text" href="http://www.edelman.co.uk/trustbarometer/files/edelman-trust-barometer-2010.pdf" rel="nofollow">2010 Trust Report</a>, the majority switched to 64% preferring their information from industry experts and academics. According to Inc. Technology's Brent Leary, "This loss of trust, and the accompanying turn towards experts and authorities, seems to be coinciding with the rise of social media and networks."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup><br />
Thus, using social media as a form of <i>marketing</i> has taken on whole new challenges. As the <a class="external text" href="http://www.edelman.com/trust/2010/" rel="nofollow">2010 Trust Study</a> indicates, it is most effective if marketing efforts through social media revolve around the <i>genuine</i> building of authority. Someone performing a "marketing" role within a company <b>must</b> <i>honestly</i> convince people of their <i>genuine</i> intentions, knowledge, and expertise in a specific area or industry through providing valuable and accurate information on an ongoing basis without a marketing angle overtly associated. If this can be done, trust with, and of, the recipient of that information – and that message itself – begins to develop naturally. This person or organization becomes a thought leader and value provider - setting themselves up as a trusted "advisor" instead of marketer. "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_mind_awareness" title="Top of mind awareness">Top of mind awareness</a>" develops and the consumer naturally begins to gravitate to the products and/or offerings of the authority/influencer. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup><br />
Of course, there are many ways authority can be created – and influence can be accomplished – including: participation in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> which actually verifies user-generated content and information more than most people may realize; providing valuable content through social networks on platforms such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>; article writing and distribution through sites such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EzineArticles" title="EzineArticles">Ezine Articles</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">Scribd</a>; and providing fact-based answers on "social question and answer sites" such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHow" title="EHow">EHow</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Answers" title="Yahoo! Answers">Yahoo! Answers</a>.<br />
As a result of social media – and the direct or indirect influence of social media marketers – today, consumers are as likely – or more likely – to make buying decisions based on what they read and see in platforms we call "social" but only if presented by someone they have come to trust. That is why a purposeful and carefully designed social media strategy has become an integral part of any complete and directed marketing plan but must also be designed using newer "authority building" techniques.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span></h2>Social media can take many different forms, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">weblogs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_blogging" title="Social blogging">social blogs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">microblogging</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wikis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasts</a>, photographs or pictures, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, rating and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_bookmarking" title="Social bookmarking">social bookmarking</a>. By applying a set of theories in the field of media research (social presence, media richness) and social processes (self-presentation, self-disclosure) Kaplan and Haenlein created a classification scheme for different social media types in their Business Horizons article published in 2010. According to Kaplan and Haenlein there are six different types of social media: collaborative projects, blogs and microblogs, content communities, social networking sites, virtual game worlds, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">virtual communities</a>. Technologies include: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a>, picture-sharing, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlog" title="Vlog">vlogs</a>, wall-postings, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, music-sharing, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">voice over IP</a>, to name a few. Many of these social media services can be integrated via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_aggregation" title="Social network aggregation">social network aggregation</a> platforms.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Communication">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Communication">Communication</span></h3><ul><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogs</a></b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_%28service%29" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressionEngine" title="ExpressionEngine">ExpressionEngine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Diary" title="Open Diary">Open Diary</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypePad" title="TypePad">TypePad</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_%28blogging_platform%29" title="Vox (blogging platform)">Vox</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanga" title="Xanga">Xanga</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blog.com&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Blog.com (page does not exist)">Blog.com</a></li>
<li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMyLife" title="FMyLife">FMyLife</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foursquare_%28social_networking%29" title="Foursquare (social networking)">Foursquare</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurk" title="Plurk">Plurk</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterous" title="Posterous">Posterous</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaiku" title="Qaiku">Qaiku</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yammer" title="Yammer">Yammer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Google Buzz</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identi.ca" title="Identi.ca">Identi.ca</a></li>
<li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location-based_service" title="Location-based service">Location-based social networks</a></b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foursquare_%28social_networking%29" title="Foursquare (social networking)">Foursquare</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowalla" title="Gowalla">Gowalla</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Places#Places" title="Facebook Places">Facebook places</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hotlist" title="The Hotlist">The Hotlist</a></li>
<li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_service" title="Social network service">Social networking</a></b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASmallWorld" title="ASmallWorld">ASmallWorld</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyworld" title="Cyworld">Cyworld</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi5" title="Hi5">Hi5</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace">MySpace</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagged" title="Tagged">Tagged</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XING" title="XING">XING</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyves" title="Hyves">Hyves</a></li>
<li><b>Events</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventful" title="Eventful">Eventful</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hotlist" title="The Hotlist">The Hotlist</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meetup.com" title="Meetup.com">Meetup.com</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upcoming" title="Upcoming">Upcoming</a></li>
<li><b>Information Aggregators</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netvibes" title="Netvibes">Netvibes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twine_%28website%29" title="Twine (website)">Twine (website)</a></li>
<li><b>Online Advocacy and Fundraising</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_%28company%29" title="Causes (company)">Causes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Collaboration/authority building">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Collaboration.2Fauthority_building">Collaboration/authority building</span></h3><ul><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wikis</a></b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBworks" title="PBworks">PBworks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetpaint" title="Wetpaint">Wetpaint</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikia" title="Wikia">Wikia</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia" title="Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a></li>
<li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_bookmarking" title="Social bookmarking">Social bookmarking</a></b> (or social tagging):<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-16">[17]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteULike" title="CiteULike">CiteULike</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicious_%28website%29" title="Delicious (website)">Delicious</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diigo" title="Diigo">Diigo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Reader" title="Google Reader">Google Reader</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StumbleUpon" title="StumbleUpon">StumbleUpon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkd" title="Folkd">folkd</a></li>
<li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_news" title="Social news">Social news</a></b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digg" title="Digg">Digg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixx" title="Mixx">Mixx</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NowPublic" title="NowPublic">NowPublic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsvine" title="Newsvine">Newsvine</a>, MyWeboo</li>
<li><b>Social navigation</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapster_%28speed_trap_sharing_system%29" title="Trapster (speed trap sharing system)">Trapster</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waze" title="Waze">Waze</a> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10_Ways_Geolocation_is_Changing_the_World_17-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-10_Ways_Geolocation_is_Changing_the_World-17">[18]</a></sup></li>
<li><b>Content Management Systems</b>: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordpress" title="Wordpress">Wordpress</a></li>
<li><b>Document Managing and Editing Tools</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncplicity" title="Syncplicity">Syncplicity</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docs.com" title="Docs.com">Docs.com</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Multimedia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Multimedia">Multimedia</span></h3><ul><li><b>Photography and art sharing</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeviantArt" title="DeviantArt">deviantArt</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobucket" title="Photobucket">Photobucket</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmugMug" title="SmugMug">SmugMug</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooomr" title="Zooomr">Zooomr</a>, BetweenCreation</li>
<li><b>Video sharing</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenload" title="Sevenload">sevenload</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viddler" title="Viddler">Viddler</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacafe" title="Metacafe">Metacafe</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Nico_Douga" title="Nico Nico Douga">Nico Nico Douga</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openfilm" title="Openfilm">Openfilm</a>, TubeMogul</li>
<li><b>Livecasting</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin.tv" title="Justin.tv">Justin.tv</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestream" title="Livestream">Livestream</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCU" title="OpenCU">OpenCU</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickam" title="Stickam">Stickam</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustream" title="Ustream">Ustream</a></li>
<li><b>Music and audio sharing</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CcMixter" title="CcMixter">ccMixter</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_Radio" title="Pandora Radio">Pandora Radio</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last.fm" title="Last.fm">Last.fm</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace_Music" title="MySpace Music">MySpace Music</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReverbNation.com" title="ReverbNation.com">ReverbNation.com</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShareTheMusic" title="ShareTheMusic">ShareTheMusic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hype_Machine" title="The Hype Machine">The Hype Machine</a></li>
<li><b>Presentation sharing</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">scribd</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SlideShare" title="SlideShare">SlideShare</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reviews and opinions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Reviews_and_opinions">Reviews and opinions</span></h3><ul><li><b>Product reviews</b>: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinions.com" title="Epinions.com">epinions.com</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MouthShut.com" title="MouthShut.com">MouthShut.com</a></li>
<li><b>Business reviews</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_Lobby" title="Customer Lobby">Customer Lobby</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelp,_Inc." title="Yelp, Inc.">Yelp, Inc.</a></li>
<li><b>Community Q&A</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askville" title="Askville">Askville</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHow" title="EHow">EHow</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_Exchange" title="Stack Exchange">Stack Exchange</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiAnswers" title="WikiAnswers">WikiAnswers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Answers" title="Yahoo! Answers">Yahoo! Answers</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluther&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Fluther (page does not exist)">Fluther</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Entertainment">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Entertainment">Entertainment</span></h3><ul><li><b>Media and entertainment platforms</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Eos" title="Cisco Eos">Cisco Eos</a></li>
<li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual worlds</a></b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Worlds" title="Active Worlds">Active Worlds</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forterra_Systems" title="Forterra Systems">Forterra Systems</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sims_Online" title="The Sims Online">The Sims Online</a></li>
<li><b>Game sharing</b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongregate" title="Kongregate">Kongregate</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniclip" title="Miniclip">Miniclip</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brand monitoring">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Brand_monitoring">Brand monitoring</span></h3><ul><li><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_measurement" title="Social media measurement">Social media measurement</a></b>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attensity" title="Attensity">Attensity</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsit" title="Statsit">Statsit</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysomos" title="Sysomos">Sysomos</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocus" title="Vocus">Vocus</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_infiltration" title="Brand infiltration">Brand infiltration</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectivism_%28learning_theory%29" title="Connectivism (learning theory)">Connectivism (learning theory)</a></li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Facebook_Era" title="The Facebook Era">The Facebook Era</a></i> (book)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalfe%27s_law" title="Metcalfe's law">Metcalfe's law</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networked_learning" title="Networked learning">Networked learning</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_research_community" title="Online research community">Online research community</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Voice_Media" title="People's Voice Media">People's Voice Media</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_marketing" title="Social media marketing">Social media marketing</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_optimization" title="Social media optimization">Social media optimization</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_television" title="Social television">Social television</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">Social web</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social software</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_%28internet%29" title="Tribe (internet)">Tribe (internet)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li>
</ul>Site Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02270365323542814793noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620605760327811095.post-30026433080929177872010-12-28T15:00:00.002+00:002011-01-03T15:18:47.946+00:00what is Twitter<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Twitter</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub"><div class="flaggedrevs_short plainlinks noprint" id="mw-fr-revisiontag" onmouseout="FlaggedRevs.onBoxMouseOut(event)"><div class="flaggedrevs_short_basic"><img alt="Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page." class="flaggedrevs-icon" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/FlaggedRevs/client/img/doc-magnify.png" title="Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page." /><img alt="show/hide details" class="fr-toggle-arrow" id="mw-fr-revisiontoggle" onmouseover="FlaggedRevs.onBoxMouseOver()" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/FlaggedRevs/client/img/arrow-down.png" style="display: inline;" /></div><div id="mw-fr-revisiondetails-wrapper" style="position: relative;"><div class="flaggedrevs_short_details" id="mw-fr-revisiondetails" style="display: none;">This is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pending_changes" title="Help:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Twitter" rel="nofollow">accepted</a> on <i>28 December 2010</i>.</div></div></div></div><div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#p-search">search</a> </div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vcard" style="font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: left; width: 22em;"><caption class="fn org" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">Twitter, Inc.</caption><tbody>
<tr><td class="logo" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twitter_2010_logo.svg"><img alt="Twitter 2010 logo.svg" height="69" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Twitter_2010_logo.svg/300px-Twitter_2010_logo.svg.png" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Types_of_companies" title="Category:Types of companies">Type</a></th><td class="category"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_company" title="Private company">Private</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Founded</th><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur" title="Entrepreneur">Founder</a></th><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Williams_%28blogger%29" title="Evan Williams (blogger)">Evan Williams</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz_Stone" title="Biz Stone">Biz Stone</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Headquarters</th><td class="adr"><span class="locality">795 Folsom St., Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94107<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup></span>, <span class="country-name"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">United States</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Area served</th><td>Worldwide</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Key people</th><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman" title="Chairman">Chairman</a>)</small><br />
Dick Costolo <small>(<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO" title="CEO">CEO</a>)</small><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Williams_%28blogger%29" title="Evan Williams (blogger)">Evan Williams</a> <small>(Product Strategy)</small><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz_Stone" title="Biz Stone">Biz Stone</a> <small>(Creative Director)</small></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a></th><td><img alt="increase" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" width="11" /> US $150 million (projected 2010)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT-Twitter_Hacked_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-NYT-Twitter_Hacked-1">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employees</a></th><td>351 (2010)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pressinfo_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-pressinfo-2">[3]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogan</a></th><td>What's happening?</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website" title="Website">Website</a></th><td class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://twitter.com/" rel="nofollow">twitter.com</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a> rank</th><td><img alt="decrease" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" width="11" /> 10 (November 2010<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display: none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit" rel="nofollow">[update]</a></sup>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Type of site</th><td>mobile <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_service" title="Social network service">social network service</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">microblogging</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Registration</th><td>Required</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_user" title="Registered user">Users</a></th><td>190 million (accounts, not visitors)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Available in</a></th><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingual" title="Multilingual">Multilingual</a><br />
English, Spanish, Japanese, German, French, and Italian</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Launched</th><td>July 15, 2006<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-launch_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-launch-5">[6]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Current status</th><td class="category">Active</td></tr>
<tr><td class="screenshot" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame1" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><div class="NavHead" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(204,204,255); font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Screenshot<a class="NavToggle" href="javascript:toggleNavigationBar(1);" id="NavToggle1">[show]</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="background-color: transparent; display: none; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twitter-030709.png" title="The Twitter home page as of October 2010"><img alt="The Twitter home page as of October 2010" height="101" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Twitter-030709.png/200px-Twitter-030709.png" width="200" /></a></div></div><br />
<span style="font-size: smaller;">Twitter profile</span></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><b>Twitter</b> is a website, owned and operated by Twitter Inc., which offers a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_service" title="Social network service">social networking</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">microblogging</a> service, enabling its users to send and read messages called <i>tweets</i>. Tweets are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text-based_%28computing%29" title="Text-based (computing)">text-based</a> posts of up to 140 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_%28computing%29" title="Character (computing)">characters</a> displayed on the user's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">profile</a> page. Tweets are publicly visible by default, however senders can restrict message delivery to their friends list. Users may subscribe to other users' tweets—this is known as <i>following</i> and subscribers are known as <i>followers</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lists1_6-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-lists1-6">[7]</a></sup><br />
All users can send and receive tweets via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>), or by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">Short Message Service</a> (SMS) available in certain countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> While the service is free, accessing it through SMS may incur <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_service_provider" title="Telecommunications service provider">phone service provider</a> fees. The website is based in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>. Twitter also has servers and offices in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio, Texas</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>.<br />
Since its creation in March 2006 and its launch in July 2006 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a>, Twitter has gained popularity worldwide and currently has more than 175 million users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup> It is estimated that Twitter has 190 million users, generating 65 million tweets a day and handling over 800,000 search queries per day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup> It is sometimes described as the "SMS of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Growth"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Growth</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Messages"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Messages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Tweet_contents"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tweet contents</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Rankings"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Rankings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Adding_and_following_content"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Adding and following content</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Authentication"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Authentication</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Finances"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Finances</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Technology"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Technology</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Implementation"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Implementation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Interface"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Interface</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Outages"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Outages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Privacy_and_security"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Privacy and security</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#.22MouseOver.22_exploit"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">"MouseOver" exploit</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Open_source"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Open source</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#t.co"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">t.co</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#History_2"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Change_of_focus"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Change of focus</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#Alleged_censoring_of_Trending_Results"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Alleged censoring of Trending Results</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twttr_sketch-Dorsey-2006.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="227" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Twttr_sketch-Dorsey-2006.jpg/170px-Twttr_sketch-Dorsey-2006.jpg" width="170" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twttr_sketch-Dorsey-2006.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A blueprint sketch, circa 2006, by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a>, envisioning an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a>-based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a>.</div></div></div>Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" that was held by board members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasting</a> company <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeo" title="Odeo">Odeo</a>. While sitting in a park on a children’s slide and eating Mexican food, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a> introduced the idea of an individual using an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> service to communicate with a small group.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup> The original <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_code_name" title="Project code name">project code name</a> for the service was <b>twttr</b>, inspired by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> and the five character length of American SMS <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_code" title="Short code">short codes</a>. The developers initially considered "10958" as a short code, but later changed it to "40404" for "ease of use and memorability."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HowTwitterWasBorn_12-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-HowTwitterWasBorn-12">[13]</a></sup> Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9:50 PM <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Standard_Time" title="Pacific Standard Time">Pacific Standard Time</a> (PST): "just setting up my twttr."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dorsey2006_13-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-Dorsey2006-13">[14]</a></sup><br />
<blockquote class="templatequote"><div>[W]e came across the word "<a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/twitter" title="wikt:twitter">twitter</a>," and it was just perfect. The definition was "a short burst of inconsequential information," and "chirps from birds." And that’s exactly what the product was.</div><div class="templatequotecite">—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup></div></blockquote>The first Twitter prototype was used as an internal service for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeo" title="Odeo">Odeo</a> employees and the full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-launch_5-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-launch-5">[6]</a></sup> In October 2006, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz_Stone" title="Biz Stone">Biz Stone</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Williams_%28blogger%29" title="Evan Williams (blogger)">Evan Williams</a>, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo and all of its assets–including Odeo.com and Twitter.com–from the investors and shareholders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Odeo_RIP_15-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-Odeo_RIP-15">[16]</a></sup> Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dorsey_Interview_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-Dorsey_Interview-16">[17]</a></sup><br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipping_point_%28sociology%29" title="Tipping point (sociology)">tipping point</a> for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_by_Southwest" title="South by Southwest">South by Southwest</a> (SXSW) festival. During the event <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_usage" title="Twitter usage">Twitter usage</a> increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-17">[18]</a></sup> "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek's</a></i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Levy" title="Steven Levy">Steven Levy</a>. "Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in attendance touted it."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Newsweek_Tipping_Point_18-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-Newsweek_Tipping_Point-18">[19]</a></sup><br />
Reaction at the festival was highly positive. Blogger Scott Beale said that Twitter "absolutely rul[ed]" SXSW. Social software researcher <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danah_Boyd" title="Danah Boyd">Danah Boyd</a> said Twitter "own[ed]" the festival.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-19">[20]</a></sup> Twitter staff received the festival's Web Award prize with the remark "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-20">[21]</a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twitter_logo.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="55" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Twitter_logo.svg/220px-Twitter_logo.svg.png" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twitter_logo.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Previous Twitter logo, used until September 14, 2010.</div></div></div>In August 2010, the company appointed Adam Bain as President of Revenue from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corp." title="News Corp.">News Corp.</a> Fox Audience Network.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-21">[22]</a></sup><br />
On September 14, 2010, Twitter launched a redesigned site including a new logo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-22">[23]</a></sup><br />
On October 4, 2010, Evan Williams announced that he was stepping down as CEO. Dick Costolo, formerly COO of Twitter, took over Williams' position. Williams will stay with the company and “be completely focused on product strategy.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-23">[24]</a></sup><br />
The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was posted from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> by NASA astronaut T. J. Creamer on January 22, 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-24">[25]</a></sup> By late November 2010 an average of a dozen updates per day was posted on the astronauts' communal account, @NASA_Astronauts.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Growth">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Growth">Growth</span></h3>Twitter had 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007. This grew to 100 million tweets posted per quarter in 2008. By the end of 2009, two billion tweets per quarter were being posted.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> In February 2010 Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-25">[26]</a></sup> By March 2010, Twitter recorded over 70,000 registered applications, according to the company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-26">[27]</a></sup> In the first quarter of 2010, 4 billion tweets were posted.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> As of June 2010, about 65 million tweets are posted each day, equaling about 750 tweets sent each second, according to Twitter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-27">[28]</a></sup> Twitter has experienced rapid growth as noted on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compete.com" title="Compete.com">Compete.com</a>, Twitter has moved up to the 3rd highest ranking <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking" title="Social networking">social networking</a> site in January 2009 from its previous rank of 22nd.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-28">[29]</a></sup><br />
Twitter's usage spikes during prominent events. For example, a record was set during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a> when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second in the 30 second period after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> scored against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> on 14 June 2010. The record was broken again when 3,085 tweets a second were posted after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers" title="Los Angeles Lakers">Los Angeles Lakers</a>' victory in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_NBA_Finals" title="2010 NBA Finals">2010 NBA Finals</a> on 17 June 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-29">[30]</a></sup> When American singer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> died on June 25, 2009, the Twitter server crashed after users were updating their status to include the words "Michael Jackson" at a rate of 100,000 tweets per hour.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-30">[31]</a></sup><br />
Twitter acquired application developer Atebits on April 11, 2010. Atebits had developed the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Design_Award" title="Apple Design Award">Apple Design Award</a>-winning Twitter client <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweetie" title="Tweetie">Tweetie</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh" title="Macintosh">Mac</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>. The application, now called "Twitter" and distributed free of charge, is the official Twitter client for the iPhone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-31">[32]</a></sup><br />
From September through October 2010, Twitter began rolling out 'New Twitter'. This was an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes include the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> etc.), as well as a complete overhaul of the interface, which shifted links such as '@mentions' and 'Retweets' above the Twitter stream, while 'Messages and 'Log Out' are now accessible via a black bar at the very top of twitter.com. As of November 1, Twitter confirmed that the 'New Twitter experience' had been rolled out to all users. Existing users still have the opportunity to opt out if they dislike the new interface, and go back to using the old-style Twitter. This overhaul did not have any effect on third-party applications such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TweetDeck" title="TweetDeck">TweetDeck</a>.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span></h2>Technology author <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Berlin_Johnson" title="Steven Berlin Johnson">Steven Johnson</a> describes the basic mechanics of Twitter as "remarkably simple:"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twitterchangesthewaywelive_32-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-twitterchangesthewaywelive-32">[33]</a></sup><br />
<blockquote class="templatequote"><div>As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow another Twitter user, that user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations, even musings on the future of education.</div></blockquote>Twitter has been compared to a web-based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a> (IRC) client.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-33">[34]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Messages">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Messages">Messages</span></h3>Users can group posts together by topic or type by use of <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtags</a></i> — words or phrases prefixed with a <code>#</code>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-34">[35]</a></sup> Similarly, the letter <code>d</code> followed by a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Username" title="Username">username</a> allows users to send messages privately. Finally, the <code>@</code> sign followed by a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Username" title="Username">username</a> is used for mentioning or replying to other users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-35">[36]</a></sup><br />
In late 2009, the "Twitter Lists" feature was added, making it possible for users to follow (as well as mention and reply to) lists of authors instead of individual authors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lists1_6-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-lists1-6">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lists2_36-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-lists2-36">[37]</a></sup><br />
In January, 2010, MIT alumnus and astronaut Timothy Creamer sent the very first live tweet from space.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-37">[38]</a></sup><br />
Through SMS, users can communicate with Twitter through five <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_%28telecommunications%29" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">gateway</a> numbers: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_code" title="Short code">short codes</a> for the United States, Canada, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>-based number for international use. There is also a short code in the United Kingdom which is only accessible to those on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica_Europe" title="Telefónica Europe">O2</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-38">[39]</a></sup> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_UK" title="Orange UK">Orange</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-39">[40]</a></sup> networks. In India, since Twitter only supports tweets from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Bharti Airtel</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twitteronairtel_40-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-twitteronairtel-40">[41]</a></sup> an alternative platform called smsTweet<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-smstweet2_41-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-smstweet2-41">[42]</a></sup> was set up by a user to work on all networks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-smstweetsin_42-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-smstweetsin-42">[43]</a></sup> A similar platform called GladlyCast<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gladlycast_43-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-gladlycast-43">[44]</a></sup> exists for mobile phone users in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<br />
The messages were initially set to 140-character limit for compatibility with SMS messaging, introducing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> notation and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_slang" title="Internet slang">slang</a> commonly used in SMS messages. The 140 character limit has also increased the usage of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_shortening" title="URL shortening">URL shortening</a> services such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit.ly" title="Bit.ly">bit.ly</a>, goo.gl, and tr.im, and content hosting services, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitpic" title="Twitpic">Twitpic</a>, memozu.com and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NotePub" title="NotePub">NotePub</a> to accommodate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> content and text longer than 140 characters. Twitter uses bit.ly for automatic shortening of all URLs posted on its website.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-44">[45]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tweet contents">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Tweet_contents">Tweet contents</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Content_of_Tweets.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="250" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Content_of_Tweets.svg/250px-Content_of_Tweets.svg.png" width="250" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Content_of_Tweets.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Content of Tweets according to Pear Analytics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pear-babble_45-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-pear-babble-45">[46]</a></sup> <br />
<div><span style="background-color: #009933; border-bottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; border-right: black 1px solid; border-top: black 1px solid; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> News</div><div><span style="background-color: #9900cc; border-bottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; border-right: black 1px solid; border-top: black 1px solid; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> Spam</div><div><span style="background-color: #ff9900; border-bottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; border-right: black 1px solid; border-top: black 1px solid; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> Self-promotion</div><div><span style="background-color: #993333; border-bottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; border-right: black 1px solid; border-top: black 1px solid; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> Pointless babble</div><div><span style="background-color: #1e1edc; border-bottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; border-right: black 1px solid; border-top: black 1px solid; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> Conversational</div><div><span style="background-color: #666600; border-bottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; border-right: black 1px solid; border-top: black 1px solid; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> Pass-along value</div></div></div></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>-based market research firm Pear Analytics analyzed 2,000 tweets (originating from the US and in English) over a 2-week period in August 2009 from 11:00 AM to 5:00 PM (CST) and separated them into six categories:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pear-babble_45-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-pear-babble-45">[46]</a></sup><br />
<ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointless_babble" title="Pointless babble">Pointless babble</a> — 40%</li>
<li>Conversational — 38%</li>
<li>Pass-along value — 9%</li>
<li>Self-promotion — 6%</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_%28electronic%29" title="Spam (electronic)">Spam</a> — 4%</li>
<li>News — 4%<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pear-babble_45-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-pear-babble-45">[46]</a></sup></li>
</ul>Social networking researcher <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danah_Boyd" title="Danah Boyd">Danah Boyd</a> responded to the Pear Analytics survey by arguing that what the Pear researchers labelled "pointless babble" is better characterized as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grooming" title="Social grooming">social grooming</a>" and/or "peripheral awareness" (which she explains as persons "want[ing] to know what the people around them are thinking and doing and feeling, even when co-presence isn’t viable").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-boyd-social-grooming_46-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-boyd-social-grooming-46">[47]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rankings">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Rankings">Rankings</span></h3>Twitter is ranked as one of the 10 most visited websites worldwide by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa's</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">web traffic</a> analysis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-47">[48]</a></sup> Daily user estimates vary as the company does not publish statistics on active accounts. A February 2009 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compete.com" title="Compete.com">Compete.com</a> blog entry ranked Twitter as the third most used social network based on their count of 6 million unique monthly visitors and 55 million monthly visits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kazeniac_48-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-Kazeniac-48">[49]</a></sup> In March 2009, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Company" title="Nielsen Company">Nielsen.com</a> blog ranked Twitter as the fastest-growing website in the Member Communities category for February 2009. Twitter had a monthly growth of 1,382%, increasing from 475,000 unique visitors in February 2008 to 7 million in February 2009. It was followed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbio" title="Zimbio">Zimbio</a> with 240% increase, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> with 228% increase.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McGiboney_49-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-McGiboney-49">[50]</a></sup> However, Twitter has a user retention rate of 40%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-50">[51]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adding and following content">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Adding_and_following_content">Adding and following content</span></h3>There are numerous tools for adding content, monitoring content and conversations including <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweetdeck" title="Tweetdeck">Tweetdeck</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce.com" title="Salesforce.com">Salesforce.com</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HootSuite" title="HootSuite">HootSuite</a>, and Twitterfeed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-51">[52]</a></sup> Less than half of tweets are posted using the web user interface with most users using third-party applications (based on analysis of 500 million tweets by Sysomos).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-52">[53]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Authentication">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Authentication">Authentication</span></h3>As of August 31, 2010, third-party Twitter applications are required to use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth" title="OAuth">OAuth</a>, an authentication method that does not require users to enter their password into the authenticating application. Previously, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth" title="OAuth">OAuth</a> authentication method was optional, it is now compulsory and the user-name/password authentication method has been made redundant and is no longer functional. Twitter stated that the move to OAuth will mean "increased security and a better experience."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-53">[54]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h3>Twitter is mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter, says Jeremiah Owyang, an industry analyst studying social media. "Adults are just catching up to what teens have been doing for years," he said.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-teensdonttweet_54-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-teensdonttweet-54">[55]</a></sup> According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComScore" title="ComScore">comScore</a> only 11% of Twitter's users are aged 12 to 17.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-teensdonttweet_54-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-teensdonttweet-54">[55]</a></sup> comScore attributes this to Twitter's "early adopter period" when the social network first gained popularity in business settings and news outlets attracting primarily older users. However, comScore as of late, has stated that Twitter has begun to "filter more into the mainstream", and "along with it came a culture of celebrity as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal" title="Shaquille O'Neal">Shaq</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher" title="Ashton Kutcher">Ashton Kutcher</a> joined the ranks of the Twitterati."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comscore_55-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-comscore-55">[56]</a></sup><br />
According to a study by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysomos" title="Sysomos">Sysomos</a> in June 2009, women make up a slightly larger Twitter demographic than men — 53% over 47%. It also stated that 5% of users accounted for 75% of all activity, and that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> has the most Twitter users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-56">[57]</a></sup><br />
According to Quancast, 27 million people in the US used Twitter as of 09/03/2009. 63% of Twitter users are less than 35 years old, 60% of Twitter users are Caucasian, but a higher than average (compared to other Internet properties) are African American (16%) and Hispanic (11%); 58% of Twitter users have a total household income of at least $60K.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-57">[58]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Finances">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Finances">Finances <span id="Revenue"></span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twitter_sf_hq.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Twitter_sf_hq.jpg/220px-Twitter_sf_hq.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twitter_sf_hq.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Twitter's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> headquarters located at 795 Folsom St.</div></div></div>Twitter raised over US$57 million from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capitalist</a> growth funding, although exact numbers are not publicly disclosed. Twitter's first A round of funding was for an undisclosed amount that is rumored to have been between $1 million and $5 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MarketingVOX_58-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-MarketingVOX-58">[59]</a></sup> Its second B round of funding in 2008 was for $22 million<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Womack_59-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-Womack-59">[60]</a></sup> and its third C round of funding in 2009 was for $35 million from Institutional Venture Partners and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmark_Capital" title="Benchmark Capital">Benchmark Capital</a> along with an undisclosed amount from other investors including Union Square Ventures, Spark Capital and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight_Venture_Partners" title="Insight Venture Partners">Insight Venture Partners</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MarketingVOX_58-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-MarketingVOX-58">[59]</a></sup> Twitter is backed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Square_Ventures" title="Union Square Ventures">Union Square Ventures</a>, Digital Garage, Spark Capital, and Bezos Expeditions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Miller.2C_Claire_Cain_60-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-Miller.2C_Claire_Cain-60">[61]</a></sup><br />
<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Industry_Standard" title="The Industry Standard">The Industry Standard</a></i> has remarked that Twitter's long-term viability is limited by a lack of revenue.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-61">[62]</a></sup> Twitter board member Todd Chaffee forecast that the company could profit from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a>, noting that users may want to buy items directly from Twitter since it already provides product recommendations and promotions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-62">[63]</a></sup><br />
On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer paid <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> for companies that would be able to purchase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search results on the Twitter website, similar to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwords" title="Adwords">Google Adwords'</a> advertising model. As of April 13, Twitter announced it had already signed up a number of companies wishing to advertise including <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull" title="Red Bull">Red Bull</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-63">[64]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-64">[65]</a></sup><br />
Some of Twitter's revenue and user growth documents were illegally published on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a> by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_%28computer_security%29" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacker</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_Croll" title="Hacker Croll">Croll Hacker</a>. The documents projected 2009 revenues of $400,000 in the third quarter and $4 million in the fourth quarter along with 25 million users by the end of the year. The projections for the end of 2013 were $1.54 billion in revenue, $111 million in net earnings, and 1 billion users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT-Twitter_Hacked_1-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-NYT-Twitter_Hacked-1">[2]</a></sup> No information about how Twitter plans to achieve those numbers has been published. In response, Twitter co-founder Biz Stone published a blog post suggesting the possibility of legal action against the hacker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-65">[66]</a></sup><br />
Twitter has been identified as a possible candidate for an IPO by 2013.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-66">[67]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Technology">Technology</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Implementation">Implementation</span></h3>The Twitter Web interface uses the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a> framework,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-67">[68]</a></sup> deployed on a performance enhanced <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby_Enterprise_Edition&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ruby Enterprise Edition (page does not exist)">Ruby Enterprise Edition</a> implementation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_%28programming_language%29" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-68">[69]</a></sup><br />
From the spring of 2007 until 2008 the messages were handled by a Ruby <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_data_structure" title="Persistent data structure">persistent</a> queue server called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling_%28software%29" title="Starling (software)">Starling</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-69">[70]</a></sup> but since 2009 implementation has been gradually replaced with software written in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_%28programming_language%29" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-70">[71]</a></sup> The service's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">application programming interface</a> (API) allows other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">web services</a> and applications to integrate with Twitter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-71">[72]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-72">[73]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interface">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Interface">Interface</span></h3>On April 30, 2009, Twitter adjusted its web interface, adding a search bar and a sidebar of "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trending_topic" title="Trending topic">trending topics</a>" — the most common phrases appearing in messages. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz_Stone" title="Biz Stone">Biz Stone</a> explains that all messages are instantly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_%28search_engine%29" title="Index (search engine)">indexed</a> and that "with this newly launched feature, Twitter has become something unexpectedly important — a discovery engine for finding out what is happening right now."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-73">[74]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Outages">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Outages">Outages</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Failwhale.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="116" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Failwhale.png/220px-Failwhale.png" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Failwhale.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The Twitter fail whale <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_message" title="Error message">error message</a>.</div></div></div>When Twitter experiences an outage, users see the "fail whale" <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_message" title="Error message">error message</a> image created by Yiying Lu,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-74">[75]</a></sup> illustrating several red birds using a net to hoist a whale from the ocean captioned "Too many tweets! Please wait a moment and try again."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-earthquake_75-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-earthquake-75">[76]</a></sup><br />
Twitter had approximately 98% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptime" title="Uptime">uptime</a> in 2007 (or about six full days of downtime).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-downtime2_76-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-downtime2-76">[77]</a></sup> The downtime was particularly noticeable during events popular with the technology industry such as the 2008 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld_Conference_%26_Expo" title="Macworld Conference & Expo">Macworld Conference & Expo</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynote" title="Keynote">keynote address</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-downtime3_77-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-downtime3-77">[78]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-downtime4_78-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-downtime4-78">[79]</a></sup><br />
<ul><li>November 2010 A number of accounts encountered a fault that resulted in them seeing the 'fail whale' when they tried to login to their accounts. The accounts themselves weren't locked out as account holders could still see their 'mentions' page and post from there. But the timeline and a number of other features were unavailable during this outage (which remains ongoing).</li>
<li>May 2008 Twitter's new engineering team made architectural changes to deal with the scale of growth. Stability issues resulted in down time or temporary feature removal.</li>
<li>August 2008, Twitter withdrew free <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> services from users in the United Kingdom<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-79">[80]</a></sup> and for approximately five months instant messaging support via a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol">XMPP</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bot</a> was listed as being "temporarily unavailable".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-80">[81]</a></sup></li>
<li>October 10, 2008, Twitter's status blog announced that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging (IM)</a> service was no longer a temporary outage and needed to be revamped. It was announced that Twitter aims to return its IM service pending necessary major work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-81">[82]</a></sup></li>
<li>June 12, 2009, in what was called a potential "Twitpocalypse", the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_identifier" title="Unique identifier">unique numerical identifier</a> associated with each tweet exceeded the limit of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> signed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_%28computer_science%29" title="Integer (computer science)">integers</a> (2,147,483,647 total messages).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-82">[83]</a></sup> While Twitter itself was not affected, some third-party clients could no longer access recent tweets. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_%28computing%29" title="Patch (computing)">Patches</a> were quickly released, though some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> applications had to wait for approval from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store" title="App Store">App Store</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-83">[84]</a></sup></li>
<li>September 22, the identifier exceeded the limit for 32-bit <i>unsigned</i> integers (4,294,967,296 total messages) again breaking some third-party clients.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-84">[85]</a></sup></li>
<li>August 6, 2009, Twitter and Facebook suffered from a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">denial-of-service attack</a>, causing the Twitter website to go offline for several hours.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-85">[86]</a></sup> It was later confirmed that the attacks were directed at one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29" title="Georgia (country)">pro-Georgian</a> user around the anniversary of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_South_Ossetia_War" title="2008 South Ossetia War">2008 South Ossetia War</a>, rather than the sites themselves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-86">[87]</a></sup></li>
<li>17 December 2009 a hacking attack replaced the website's welcoming screen with an image of a green flag and the caption "This site has been hacked by Iranian Cyber Army" for nearly an hour. No connection between the hackers and Iran has been established.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-87">[88]</a></sup></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Privacy and security">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Privacy_and_security">Privacy and security</span></h3>Twitter collects <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information" title="Personally identifiable information">personally identifiable information</a> about its users and shares it with third parties. The service reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-88">[89]</a></sup> While Twitter displays no advertising, advertisers can <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_targeting" title="Behavioral targeting">target</a> users based on their history of tweets and may quote tweets in ads<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-89">[90]</a></sup> directed specifically to the user.<br />
A security vulnerability was reported on April 7, 2007, by Nitesh Dhanjani and Rujith. Since Twitter used the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_number" title="Telephone number">phone number</a> of the sender of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> message as authentication, malicious users could update someone else's status page by using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_spoofing" title="SMS spoofing">SMS spoofing</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-90">[91]</a></sup> The vulnerability could be used if the spoofer knew the phone number registered to their victim's account. Within a few weeks of this discovery Twitter introduced an optional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identification_number" title="Personal identification number">personal identification number</a> (PIN) that its users could use to authenticate their SMS-originating messages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-91">[92]</a></sup><br />
On January 5, 2009, 33 high-profile Twitter accounts were compromised after a Twitter administrator's password was guessed by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_attack" title="Dictionary attack">dictionary attack</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-92">[93]</a></sup> Falsified tweets — including sexually explicit and drug-related messages — were sent from these accounts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-washtimes20090105_93-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-washtimes20090105-93">[94]</a></sup><br />
Twitter launched the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_version#Beta" title="Beta version">beta version</a> of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing famous or notable people to announce their Twitter account name. The home pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-94">[95]</a></sup><br />
In May 2010, a bug was discovered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nci_S%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk" title="İnci Sözlük">İnci Sözlük</a> users that allowed Twitter users to force others to follow them without the other user's knowledge. For example, comedian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien" title="Conan O'Brien">Conan O'Brien</a>'s account, which had been set to follow only one person was changed to receive nearly 200 malicious subscriptions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-95">[96]</a></sup><br />
In response to Twitter's security breaches, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> brought charges against the service which were settled on June 24, 2010. This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users' private information, including maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" to be independently audited biannually.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-96">[97]</a></sup><br />
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: "MouseOver" exploit">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id=".22MouseOver.22_exploit">"MouseOver" exploit</span></h4>On 21 September 2010, an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSS_Worm" title="XSS Worm">XSS Worm</a> became active on Twitter. When an account <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User" title="User">user</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouseover" title="Mouseover">held the mouse cursor over</a> blacked out parts of a tweet, the worm within the script would automatically open links and re-post itself on the reader's account.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCscram_97-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-BBCscram-97">[98]</a></sup> The exploit was then re-used to post <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-up_ads" title="Pop-up ads">pop-up ads</a> and links to pornographic sites.<br />
The origin is unclear but Pearce H. Delphin (known on Twitter as @zzap) and a Scandinavian developer, Magnus Holm, both claim to have modified the exploit of a user, possibly Masato Kinugawa, who was using it to create coloured Tweets.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mashable_98-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-Mashable-98">[99]</a></sup> Kinugawa, a Japanese developer, reported the XSS vulnerability to Twitter on August 14. Later, when he found it was exploitable again, he created the account 'RainbowTwtr' and used it to post coloured messages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mashable_98-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-Mashable-98">[99]</a></sup><br />
Delphin says he exposed the security flaw by tweeting a JavaScript function for "onMouseOver",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mashable_98-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-Mashable-98">[99]</a></sup> and Holm later created and posted the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSS_Worm" title="XSS Worm">XSS Worm</a> that automatically re-tweeted itself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCscram_97-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-BBCscram-97">[98]</a></sup><br />
Accounts affected by the virus included <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Brown_%28wife_of_Gordon_Brown%29" title="Sarah Brown (wife of Gordon Brown)">Sarah Brown</a>, wife of former British Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a>. Security firm Sophos reported the virus was spread by people doing it for "fun and games", but noted it could be exploited by cybercriminals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-99">[100]</a></sup> Twitter issued a statement on their status blog at 13:50 UTC that "<i>The exploit is fully patched</i>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCscram_97-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-BBCscram-97">[98]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-100">[101]</a></sup> Twitter representative Carolyn Penner has expressed that they will not be pressing charges over this incident.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-101">[102]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Open source">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Open_source">Open source</span></h3>Twitter released several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> projects developed while overcoming technical challenges of their service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-102">[103]</a></sup> Notable projects are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizzard_%28scala_framework%29" title="Gizzard (scala framework)">Gizzard Scala framework</a> for creating distributed datastores and the distributed graph database <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlockDB" title="FlockDB">FlockDB</a>.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: t.co">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="t.co">t.co</span></h2><b>t.co</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_shortening" title="URL shortening">URL shortening</a> service created by Twitter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twitterhelpshort_103-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-twitterhelpshort-103">[104]</a></sup> It is only available for links posted to Twitter and not available for general use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twitterhelpshort_103-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-twitterhelpshort-103">[104]</a></sup> Eventually all links posted to Twitter will use a t.co wrapper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twitterblog_104-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-twitterblog-104">[105]</a></sup><br />
Twitter hopes that the service will be able to protect users from malicious sites,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twitterhelpshort_103-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-twitterhelpshort-103">[104]</a></sup> and will use it to track clicks on links within tweets.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twitterhelpshort_103-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-twitterhelpshort-103">[104]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-register_105-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-register-105">[106]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History_2">History</span></h3>Having previously used the services of third parties <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TinyURL" title="TinyURL">TinyURL</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit.ly" title="Bit.ly">bit.ly</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-106">[107]</a></sup> Twitter began experimenting with its own URL shortening service for direct messages in March 2010 using the twt.tl domain,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twitterblog_104-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-twitterblog-104">[105]</a></sup> before it purchased the t.co domain.<br />
The service is being tested on the main site using the accounts @TwitterAPI, @rsarver and @raffi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twitterblog_104-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-twitterblog-104">[105]</a></sup><br />
On 2 September 2010 an email from Twitter to users said they would be expanding the roll-out of the service to users.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Change of focus">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Change_of_focus">Change of focus</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newmobiletwitter.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Newmobiletwitter.jpg/220px-Newmobiletwitter.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newmobiletwitter.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Web" title="Mobile Web">mobile</a> version of twitter.com</div></div></div>Twitter emphasized their news and information network strategy in November 2009 by changing the question asked users for status updates from "What are you doing?" to "What's happening?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-107">[108]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-108">[109]</a></sup> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i> put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Limiting yourself to 140 characters—the maximum for messages on this diabolically addictive social-networking tool—is easy."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-109">[110]</a></sup><br />
On November 22, 2010, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz_Stone" title="Biz Stone">Biz Stone</a> expressed for the first time the idea of a <b>Twitter news network</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-110">[111]</a></sup> a concept of wire-like news service he has been working on for years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-111">[112]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span></h3><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> wrote that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_service" title="Social network service">social-networking services</a> such as Twitter "elicit mixed feelings in the technology-savvy people who have been their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_%28business%29" title="Diffusion (business)">early adopters</a>. Fans say they are a good way to keep in touch with busy friends. But some users are starting to feel 'too' connected, as they grapple with check-in messages at odd hours, higher <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellphone" title="Cellphone">cellphone</a> bills and the need to tell acquaintances to stop announcing what they're having for dinner."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-112">[113]</a></sup><br />
"Using Twitter for literate communication is about as likely as firing up a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_radio" title="CB radio">CB radio</a> and hearing some guy recite the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>", said tech writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-113">[114]</a></sup> "For many people, the idea of describing your blow-by-blow activities in such detail is absurd," hypothesized writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Thompson_%28journalist%29" title="Clive Thompson (journalist)">Clive Thompson</a>. "Why would you subject your friends to your daily <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutiae" title="Minutiae">minutiae</a>? And conversely, how much of their trivia can you absorb? The growth of ambient intimacy can seem like modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> taken to a new, supermetabolic extreme—the ultimate expression of a generation of celebrity-addled youths who believe their every utterance is fascinating and ought to be shared with the world."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-114">[115]</a></sup><br />
On the other hand <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Dotto" title="Steve Dotto">Steve Dotto</a> opines that part of Twitter's appeal is the challenge of trying to publish such messages in tight constraints.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-115">[116]</a></sup> "The qualities that make Twitter seem inane and half-baked are what makes it so powerful," says <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Zittrain" title="Jonathan Zittrain">Jonathan Zittrain</a>, professor of Internet law at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-116">[117]</a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Online" title="Nielsen Online">Nielsen Online</a> reports that Twitter has a user retention rate of 40%. Many people stop using the service after a month therefore the site may potentially reach only about 10% of all <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_internet_usage" title="Global internet usage">Internet users</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-117">[118]</a></sup> In 2009, Twitter won the "Breakout of the Year" <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webby_Award" title="Webby Award">Webby Award</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Webby_Awards_118-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-Webby_Awards-118">[119]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paul_119-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-Paul-119">[120]</a></sup><br />
During a February 2009 discussion on <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio's</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekend_Edition" title="Weekend Edition">Weekend Edition</a></i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Schorr" title="Daniel Schorr">Daniel Schorr</a> stated that Twitter accounts of events lacked rigorous fact-checking and other editorial improvements. In response, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Carvin" title="Andy Carvin">Andy Carvin</a> gave Schorr two examples of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_news" title="Breaking news">breaking news</a> stories that played out on Twitter and said users wanted first-hand accounts and sometimes debunked stories.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-120">[121]</a></sup><br />
In an episode of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i> on February 26, 2009, guest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Williams" title="Brian Williams">Brian Williams</a> described tweets as only referring to the condition of the author. Williams implied that he would never use Twitter because nothing he did was interesting enough to publish in Twitter format.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-121">[122]</a></sup> During another episode of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i> on March 2, 2009, host <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> negatively portrayed members of Congress who chose to "tweet" during President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>'s address to Congress (on February 24, 2009) rather than pay attention to the content of the speech. The show's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Bee" title="Samantha Bee">Samantha Bee</a> satirized media coverage of the service saying "there's no surprise young people love it — according to reports of young people by middle-aged people."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-122">[123]</a></sup> The influence of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_sites" title="Social networking sites">social networking sites</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">facebook</a> and twitter have huge influences on today's youth. Time magazine has acknowledged growing level of influence in their 2010 Time 100 most influential people. To determine the influence of people they used a formula based on famous social networking sites, Twitter and Facebook. The list ranges from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher" title="Ashton Kutcher">Ashton Kutcher</a>. The formula is (twitter followers) x 2 + (facebook connections) divided by 2.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-123">[124]</a></sup><br />
In March 2009, the comic strip <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doonesbury" title="Doonesbury">Doonesbury</a></i> began to satirize Twitter. Many characters highlighted the triviality of tweets although one defended the need to keep up with the constant-update trend.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-124">[125]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperNews%21" title="SuperNews!">SuperNews!</a> similarly satirized Twitter as an addiction to "constant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-affirmation" title="Self-affirmation">self-affirmation</a>" and said tweets were nothing more than "shouts into the darkness hoping someone is listening".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-125">[126]</a></sup><br />
In August 2010, South Korea tried to block certain content on Twitter due to the North Korean government opening a Twitter account.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-126">[127]</a></sup> The North Korean Twitter account created on August 12, @uriminzok, loosely translated to mean "our people" in Korean, acquired over 4,500 followers in less than one week. On August 19, 2010, South Korea's state-run Communications Standards Commission banned the Twitter account for broadcasting "illegal information."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mashable.com_127-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-mashable.com-127">[128]</a></sup> According to BBC US and Canada, experts claim that North Korea has invested in "information technology for more than 20 years" with knowledge of how to use social networking sites to their power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_128-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-128">[129]</a></sup> This appears to be "nothing new" for North Korea as the reclusive country has always published propaganda in its press, usually against South Korea, calling them "warmongers."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_128-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-128">[129]</a></sup> With only 36 tweets, the Twitter account was able to accumulate almost 9,000 followers. To date, the South Korean Commission has banned 65 sites, including this Twitter account.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mashable.com_127-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-mashable.com-127">[128]</a></sup><br />
Twitter is banned in China, however many Chinese people use it anyway. In 2010 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dissidents" title="List of Chinese dissidents">Cheng Jianping</a> was sentenced to 1 year in a labor camp for a sarcastic post on Twitter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nydailynewscom_129-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-nydailynewscom-129">[130]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Alleged censoring of Trending Results">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Alleged_censoring_of_Trending_Results">Alleged censoring of Trending Results</span></h2>In December 2010, allegations have been made by several IT-news websites and other media reporting that Twitter appeared to engage in censorship activities by impeding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> related tweets from becoming trending topics, despite high numbers of tweets concerning WikiLeaks due to activities such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">United States diplomatic cables leak</a>. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_130-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-130">[131]</a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-osnews.com_131-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-osnews.com-131">[132]</a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-osdir_132-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-osdir-132">[133]</a></sup> However, Twitter has denied any involvement with altering Trend results explaining that "WikiLeaks and cablegate have trended worldwide or in specific locations."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twitterblogwikileaks_133-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_note-twitterblogwikileaks-133">[134]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_Awareness" title="Ambient Awareness">Ambient Awareness</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_micro-blogging_services" title="Comparison of micro-blogging services">Comparison of micro-blogging services</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Twitter_services_and_applications" title="List of Twitter services and applications">List of Twitter services and applications</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0_Suicide_Machine" title="Web 2.0 Suicide Machine">Web 2.0 Suicide Machine</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-small references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em;"><div class="references"><ol><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://twitter.com/about/contact" rel="nofollow">"Contact Us"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://twitter.com/about/contact" rel="nofollow">http://twitter.com/about/contact</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Contact+Us&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fabout%2Fcontact&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT-Twitter_Hacked-1">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-NYT-Twitter_Hacked_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-NYT-Twitter_Hacked_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/hacker-exposes-private-twitter-documents/?hpw." rel="nofollow">"Hacker Exposes Private Twitter Documents"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. July 15, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/hacker-exposes-private-twitter-documents/?hpw" rel="nofollow">http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/hacker-exposes-private-twitter-documents/?hpw</a>.</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 15, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hacker+Exposes+Private+Twitter+Documents&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+New+York+Times%5D%5D&rft.date=July+15%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F07%2F15%2Fhacker-exposes-private-twitter-documents%2F%3Fhpw.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pressinfo-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-pressinfo_2-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2010/12/stocking-stuffer.html" rel="nofollow">"Press Info"</a>, Twitter. Retrieved December 15, 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com" rel="nofollow">"twitter.com – Traffic Details from Alexa"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a>, Inc<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 27, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=twitter.com+%E2%80%93+Traffic+Details+from+Alexa&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BAlexa+Internet%5D%5D%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fsiteinfo%2Ftwitter.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/08/twitter-190-million-users/" rel="nofollow">"Costolo: Twitter Now Has 190 Million Users Tweeting 65 Million Times A Day"</a>. TechCrunch. Retrieved July 14, 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-launch-5">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-launch_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-launch_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web">Michael Arrington Jul 15, 2006 (2006-07-15). <a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/" rel="nofollow">"Odeo Releases Twttr"</a>. Techcrunch.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/" rel="nofollow">http://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Odeo+Releases+Twttr&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Michael+Arrington+Jul+15%2C+2006&rft.au=Michael+Arrington+Jul+15%2C+2006&rft.date=2006-07-15&rft.pub=Techcrunch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2006%2F07%2F15%2Fis-twttr-interesting%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-lists1-6">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-lists1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-lists1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2009/10/theres-list-for-that.html" rel="nofollow">"There's a List for That"</a>. blog.twitter.com. October 30, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2009/10/theres-list-for-that.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2009/10/theres-list-for-that.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 1, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=There%27s+a+List+for+That&rft.atitle=&rft.date=October+30%2C+2009&rft.pub=blog.twitter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2009%2F10%2Ftheres-list-for-that.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://help.twitter.com/entries/14226-how-to-find-your-twitter-short-long-code" rel="nofollow">"Using Twitter With Your Phone"</a>. Twitter Support<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://help.twitter.com/entries/14226-how-to-find-your-twitter-short-long-code" rel="nofollow">http://help.twitter.com/entries/14226-how-to-find-your-twitter-short-long-code</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-01</span>. "We currently support 2-way (sending and receiving) Twitter SMS via short codes and 1-way (sending only) via long codes."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Using+Twitter+With+Your+Phone&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Twitter+Support&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelp.twitter.com%2Fentries%2F14226-how-to-find-your-twitter-short-long-code&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2371826,00.asp" rel="nofollow">"Twitter: On-Track for 200 Million Users by Year's End"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2371826,00.asp" rel="nofollow">http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2371826,00.asp</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 31, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter%3A+On-Track+for+200+Million+Users+by+Year%27s+End&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2371826%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.quantcast.com/twitter.com" rel="nofollow">"twitter.com - Quantcast Audience Profile"</a>. Quantcast.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.quantcast.com/twitter.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.quantcast.com/twitter.com</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-10-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=twitter.com+-+Quantcast+Audience+Profile&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Quantcast.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantcast.com%2Ftwitter.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">D'Monte, Leslie (April 29, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/swine-flu%5Cs-tweet-tweet-causes-online-flutter/356604/" rel="nofollow">"Swine flu's tweet tweet causes online flutter"</a>. Business Standard<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/swine-flu%5Cs-tweet-tweet-causes-online-flutter/356604/" rel="nofollow">http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/swine-flu%5Cs-tweet-tweet-causes-online-flutter/356604/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 28, 2009</span>. "Also known as the 'SMS of the internet', Twitter is a free social networking and micro-blogging service"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Swine+flu%27s+tweet+tweet+causes+online+flutter&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=D%27Monte&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=D%27Monte%2C%26%2332%3BLeslie&rft.date=April+29%2C+2009&rft.pub=Business+Standard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Findia%2Fnews%2Fswine-flu%255Cs-tweet-tweet-causes-online-flutter%2F356604%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Miller, Claire Cain (October 30, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html" rel="nofollow">"Why Twitter’s C.E.O. Demoted Himself"</a>. The New York Times<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 31, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Why+Twitter%E2%80%99s+C.E.O.+Demoted+Himself&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Miller%2C+Claire+Cain&rft.au=Miller%2C+Claire+Cain&rft.date=October+30%2C+2010&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F10%2F31%2Ftechnology%2F31ev.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HowTwitterWasBorn-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-HowTwitterWasBorn_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Sagolla, Dom (January 30, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.140characters.com/2009/01/30/how-twitter-was-born/" rel="nofollow">"How Twitter Was Born"</a>. 140 Characters<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.140characters.com/2009/01/30/how-twitter-was-born/" rel="nofollow">http://www.140characters.com/2009/01/30/how-twitter-was-born/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 25, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+Twitter+Was+Born&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Sagolla&rft.aufirst=Dom&rft.au=Sagolla%2C%26%2332%3BDom&rft.date=January+30%2C+2009&rft.pub=140+Characters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.140characters.com%2F2009%2F01%2F30%2Fhow-twitter-was-born%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Dorsey2006-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-Dorsey2006_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Dorsey, Jack (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://twitter.com/jack/status/20" rel="nofollow">"just setting up my twttr"</a>. <i>Twitter</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://twitter.com/jack/status/20" rel="nofollow">http://twitter.com/jack/status/20</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 19, 2009</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=just+setting+up+my+twttr&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.aulast=Dorsey%2C+Jack&rft.au=Dorsey%2C+Jack&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fjack%2Fstatus%2F20&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Sano, David (February 18, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/02/twitter-creator.html" rel="nofollow">"Twitter creator Jack Dorsey illuminates the site's founding document"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/02/twitter-creator.html" rel="nofollow">http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/02/twitter-creator.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 18, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Twitter+creator+Jack+Dorsey+illuminates+the+site%27s+founding+document&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BLos+Angeles+Times%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Sano&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Sano%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=February+18%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Ftechnology%2F2009%2F02%2Ftwitter-creator.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Odeo_RIP-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-Odeo_RIP_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Malik, Om (October 25, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://gigaom.com/2006/10/25/odeo-rip-hello-obvious-corp/" rel="nofollow">"Odeo RIP, Hello Obvious Corp"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaOM" title="GigaOM">GigaOM</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://gigaom.com/2006/10/25/odeo-rip-hello-obvious-corp/" rel="nofollow">http://gigaom.com/2006/10/25/odeo-rip-hello-obvious-corp/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 20, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Odeo+RIP%2C+Hello+Obvious+Corp&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BGigaOM%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Om&rft.au=Malik%2C%26%2332%3BOm&rft.date=October+25%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgigaom.com%2F2006%2F10%2F25%2Fodeo-rip-hello-obvious-corp%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Dorsey_Interview-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-Dorsey_Interview_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Lennon, Andrew. <a class="external text" href="http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/" rel="nofollow">"A Conversation With Twitter Co-Founder Jack Dorsey"</a>. <i>The Daily Anchor</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/" rel="nofollow">http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 12, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Conversation+With+Twitter+Co-Founder+Jack+Dorsey&rft.atitle=The+Daily+Anchor&rft.aulast=Lennon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Lennon%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailyanchor.com%2F2009%2F02%2F12%2Fa-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Douglas, Nick (March 12, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://gawker.com/tech/next-big-thing/twitter-blows-up-at-sxsw-conference-243634.php" rel="nofollow">"Twitter blows up at SXSW Conference"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawker" title="Gawker">Gawker</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://gawker.com/tech/next-big-thing/twitter-blows-up-at-sxsw-conference-243634.php" rel="nofollow">http://gawker.com/tech/next-big-thing/twitter-blows-up-at-sxsw-conference-243634.php</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 20, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+blows+up+at+SXSW+Conference&rft.atitle=%5B%5BGawker%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Douglas%2C%26%2332%3BNick&rft.date=March+12%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgawker.com%2Ftech%2Fnext-big-thing%2Ftwitter-blows-up-at-sxsw-conference-243634.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Newsweek_Tipping_Point-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-Newsweek_Tipping_Point_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Levy, Steven (April 30, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/35289" rel="nofollow">"Twitter: Is Brevity The Next Big Thing"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/35289" rel="nofollow">http://www.newsweek.com/id/35289</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 20, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Twitter%3A+Is+Brevity+The+Next+Big+Thing&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Levy%2C%26%2332%3BSteven&rft.date=April+30%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F35289&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Terdiman, Daniel (March 10, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9696264-2.html" rel="nofollow">"To Twitter or Dodgeball at SXSW?"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9696264-2.html" rel="nofollow">http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9696264-2.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 20, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=To+Twitter+or+Dodgeball+at+SXSW%3F&rft.atitle=%5B%5BCNET%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Terdiman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Terdiman%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.date=March+10%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-17939_109-9696264-2.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Stone, Biz (March 14, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2007/03/we-won.html" rel="nofollow">"We Won!"</a>. Twitter<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2007/03/we-won.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2007/03/we-won.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 7, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=We+Won%21&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Stone%2C+Biz&rft.au=Stone%2C+Biz&rft.date=March+14%2C+2007&rft.pub=Twitter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2007%2F03%2Fwe-won.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://techcrunch.com/2010/08/23/twitter-hires-adam-bain-away-from-news-corp-as-president-of-revenue/" rel="nofollow">http://techcrunch.com/2010/08/23/twitter-hires-adam-bain-away-from-news-corp-as-president-of-revenue/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Cashmore, Pete (September 16, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/social.media/09/16/cashmore.twitter.web/index.html" rel="nofollow">"'New Twitter' shows the Web isn't dead"</a>. CNN<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/social.media/09/16/cashmore.twitter.web/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/social.media/09/16/cashmore.twitter.web/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 16, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27New+Twitter%27+shows+the+Web+isn%27t+dead&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cashmore%2C+Pete&rft.au=Cashmore%2C+Pete&rft.date=September+16%2C+2010&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FTECH%2Fsocial.media%2F09%2F16%2Fcashmore.twitter.web%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2010/10/newtwitterceo.html" rel="nofollow">"#newtwitterceo"</a>. blog.twitter.com. October 4, 2010<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2010/10/newtwitterceo.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2010/10/newtwitterceo.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%23newtwitterceo&rft.atitle=&rft.date=October+4%2C+2010&rft.pub=blog.twitter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fnewtwitterceo.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/jan/HQ_M10-011_Hawaii221169.html" rel="nofollow">NASA Extends the World Wide Web Out Into Space</a>. NASA media advisory M10-012, Januay 22, 2010 <a class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5uaKVooin" rel="nofollow">Archived</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Beaumont, Claudine (February 23, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/7297541/Twitter-users-send-50-million-tweets-per-day.html" rel="nofollow">"Twitter users send 50 million tweets per day"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/7297541/Twitter-users-send-50-million-tweets-per-day.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/7297541/Twitter-users-send-50-million-tweets-per-day.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Twitter+users+send+50+million+tweets+per+day&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Claudine&rft.au=Beaumont%2C%26%2332%3BClaudine&rft.date=February+23%2C+2010&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Ftwitter%2F7297541%2FTwitter-users-send-50-million-tweets-per-day.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/digital/2010/03/twitter-registered-created" rel="nofollow">"Twitter registers 1,500 per cent growth in users"</a>. 4 March 2010<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/digital/2010/03/twitter-registered-created" rel="nofollow">http://www.newstatesman.com/digital/2010/03/twitter-registered-created</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 5, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+registers+1%2C500+per+cent+growth+in+users&rft.atitle=&rft.date=4+March+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fdigital%2F2010%2F03%2Ftwitter-registered-created&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2010/06/big-goals-big-game-big-records.html" rel="nofollow">"Big Goals, Big Game, Big Records"</a>. <i>blog.twitter.com</i>. 18 June 2010<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2010/06/big-goals-big-game-big-records.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2010/06/big-goals-big-game-big-records.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 August 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Big+Goals%2C+Big+Game%2C+Big+Records&rft.atitle=blog.twitter.com&rft.date=18+June+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2010%2F06%2Fbig-goals-big-game-big-records.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/" rel="nofollow">http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Miller, Claire Cain (18 June 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/sports-fans-break-records-on-twitter/" rel="nofollow">"Sports Fans Break Records on Twitter"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/sports-fans-break-records-on-twitter/" rel="nofollow">http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/sports-fans-break-records-on-twitter/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 June 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sports+Fans+Break+Records+on+Twitter&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Claire+Cain&rft.au=Miller%2C%26%2332%3BClaire+Cain&rft.date=18+June+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F06%2F18%2Fsports-fans-break-records-on-twitter%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Shiels, Maggie (2009-06-26). <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8120324.stm" rel="nofollow">"Technology | Web slows after Jackson's death"</a>. BBC News<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8120324.stm" rel="nofollow">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8120324.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Technology+%26%23124%3B+Web+slows+after+Jackson%27s+death&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Shiels&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft.au=Shiels%2C%26%2332%3BMaggie&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8120324.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/09/twitter-acquires-atebits-maker-of-tweetie/" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Acquires Atebits, Maker of Tweetie"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 11 April 2010<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/09/twitter-acquires-atebits-maker-of-tweetie/" rel="nofollow">http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/09/twitter-acquires-atebits-maker-of-tweetie/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 April 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Twitter+Acquires+Atebits%2C+Maker+of+Tweetie&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.date=11+April+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F09%2Ftwitter-acquires-atebits-maker-of-tweetie%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-twitterchangesthewaywelive-32"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-twitterchangesthewaywelive_32-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1902604,00.html" rel="nofollow">"How Twitter Will Change the Way We Live"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. June 5, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1902604,00.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1902604,00.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 21, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Twitter+Will+Change+the+Way+We+Live&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BTime+%28magazine%29%7CTime%5D%5D&rft.date=June+5%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fprintout%2F0%2C8816%2C1902604%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Stutzman, Fred (April 11, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://dev.aol.com/article/2007/04/definitive-guide-to-twitter" rel="nofollow">"The 12-Minute Definitive Guide to Twitter"</a>. AOL Developer Network<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://dev.aol.com/article/2007/04/definitive-guide-to-twitter" rel="nofollow">http://dev.aol.com/article/2007/04/definitive-guide-to-twitter</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 12, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+12-Minute+Definitive+Guide+to+Twitter&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Stutzman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Stutzman%2C%26%2332%3BFred&rft.date=April+11%2C+2007&rft.pub=AOL+Developer+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.aol.com%2Farticle%2F2007%2F04%2Fdefinitive-guide-to-twitter&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Flynn, Montana (April 8, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.complimedia.com/2009/04/how-to-hashtags-on-twitter-quote-followfriday-etc/" rel="nofollow">"How To: #Hashtags on twitter (#quote, #followfriday, etc..)"</a>. Complimedia<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.complimedia.com/2009/04/how-to-hashtags-on-twitter-quote-followfriday-etc/" rel="nofollow">http://blog.complimedia.com/2009/04/how-to-hashtags-on-twitter-quote-followfriday-etc/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 17, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+To%3A+%23Hashtags+on+twitter+%28%23quote%2C+%23followfriday%2C+etc..%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Montana&rft.au=Flynn%2C%26%2332%3BMontana&rft.date=April+8%2C+2009&rft.pub=Complimedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.complimedia.com%2F2009%2F04%2Fhow-to-hashtags-on-twitter-quote-followfriday-etc%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since April 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Strachan, Donald (February 19, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/4698589/Twitter-how-to-set-up-your-account.html" rel="nofollow">"Twitter: how to set up your account"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> (London)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/4698589/Twitter-how-to-set-up-your-account.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/4698589/Twitter-how-to-set-up-your-account.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 14, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Twitter%3A+how+to+set+up+your+account&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Daily+Telegraph%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Strachan%2C%26%2332%3BDonald&rft.date=February+19%2C+2009&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2F4698589%2FTwitter-how-to-set-up-your-account.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-lists2-36"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-lists2_36-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://help.twitter.com/forums/10711/entries/76460" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Lists!"</a>. help.twitter.com. November 9, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://help.twitter.com/forums/10711/entries/76460" rel="nofollow">http://help.twitter.com/forums/10711/entries/76460</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 1, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Lists%21&rft.atitle=&rft.date=November+9%2C+2009&rft.pub=help.twitter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelp.twitter.com%2Fforums%2F10711%2Fentries%2F76460&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2010/01/26/alumnus-sends-first-tweet-from-space/" rel="nofollow">http://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2010/01/26/alumnus-sends-first-tweet-from-space/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Andrews, Robert (March 27, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/pda/2009/mar/27/twitter-socialnetworking1" rel="nofollow">"Twitter brings back UK SMS; Vodafone first, others to follows"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (London)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/pda/2009/mar/27/twitter-socialnetworking1" rel="nofollow">http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/pda/2009/mar/27/twitter-socialnetworking1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 7, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Twitter+brings+back+UK+SMS%3B+Vodafone+first%2C+others+to+follows&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Guardian%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Andrews%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=March+27%2C+2009&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fmedia%2Fpda%2F2009%2Fmar%2F27%2Ftwitter-socialnetworking1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2009/11/another-first-in-uk.html" rel="nofollow">"Blog.Twitter.com"</a>. Blog.Twitter.com. November 16, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2009/11/another-first-in-uk.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2009/11/another-first-in-uk.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 28, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Blog.Twitter.com&rft.atitle=&rft.date=November+16%2C+2009&rft.pub=Blog.Twitter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2009%2F11%2Fanother-first-in-uk.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-twitteronairtel-40"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-twitteronairtel_40-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.topnews.in/twitter-bharti-airtel-tieup-activate-twitter-sms-service-india-2224961" rel="nofollow">"Twitter, Bharti Airtel tie-up to activate Twitter SMS service in Indi"</a>. India: TopNews. Thu, 15/10/2009 – 11:45<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.topnews.in/twitter-bharti-airtel-tieup-activate-twitter-sms-service-india-2224961" rel="nofollow">http://www.topnews.in/twitter-bharti-airtel-tieup-activate-twitter-sms-service-india-2224961</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 18, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter%2C+Bharti+Airtel+tie-up+to+activate+Twitter+SMS+service+in+Indi&rft.atitle=&rft.date=Thu%2C+15%2F10%2F2009+%E2%80%93+11%3A45&rft.place=India&rft.pub=TopNews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topnews.in%2Ftwitter-bharti-airtel-tieup-activate-twitter-sms-service-india-2224961&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-smstweet2-41"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-smstweet2_41-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.smstweet.in/" rel="nofollow">"SMStweet :: Send Twitter Message using SMS in India"</a>. India<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.smstweet.in/" rel="nofollow">http://www.smstweet.in/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 3, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=SMStweet+%3A%3A+Send+Twitter+Message+using+SMS+in+India&rft.atitle=&rft.place=India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smstweet.in%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-smstweetsin-42"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-smstweetsin_42-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report_tweeting-via-sms-is-in-the-way-it-should-be_1324562" rel="nofollow">"Tweeting via SMS is in, the way it should be"</a>. India: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a>. Thursday, December 17, 2009 9:22 IS<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report_tweeting-via-sms-is-in-the-way-it-should-be_1324562" rel="nofollow">http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report_tweeting-via-sms-is-in-the-way-it-should-be_1324562</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 18, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Tweeting+via+SMS+is+in%2C+the+way+it+should+be&rft.atitle=&rft.date=Thursday%2C+December+17%2C+2009+9%3A22+IS&rft.place=India&rft.pub=%5B%5BDaily+News+and+Analysis%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fscitech%2Freport_tweeting-via-sms-is-in-the-way-it-should-be_1324562&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-gladlycast-43"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-gladlycast_43-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://gladlycast.com/" rel="nofollow">"gladlyCast >> Update Twitter or Plurk by sending an SMS to a Singapore or Malaysia local number"</a>. Singapore<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://gladlycast.com/" rel="nofollow">http://gladlycast.com/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 3, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=gladlyCast+%3E%3E+Update+Twitter+or+Plurk+by+sending+an+SMS+to+a+Singapore+or+Malaysia+local+number&rft.atitle=&rft.place=Singapore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgladlycast.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Wauters, Robin (May 6, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/05/06/url-shortening-wars-twitter-ditches-tinyurl-for-bitly" rel="nofollow">"TechCrunch.com"</a>. TechCrunch.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/05/06/url-shortening-wars-twitter-ditches-tinyurl-for-bitly" rel="nofollow">http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/05/06/url-shortening-wars-twitter-ditches-tinyurl-for-bitly</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 28, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=TechCrunch.com&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Wauters&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Wauters%2C%26%2332%3BRobin&rft.date=May+6%2C+2009&rft.pub=TechCrunch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techcrunch.com%2F2009%2F05%2F06%2Furl-shortening-wars-twitter-ditches-tinyurl-for-bitly&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pear-babble-45">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-pear-babble_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-pear-babble_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-pear-babble_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book">Kelly, Ryan, ed (August 12, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pearanalytics.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Twitter-Study-August-2009.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Study – August 2009"</a> (PDF). <i>Twitter Study Reveals Interesting Results About Usage</i>. San Antonio, Texas: Pear Analytics<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pearanalytics.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Twitter-Study-August-2009.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.pearanalytics.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Twitter-Study-August-2009.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved Jun 3, 2010</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Study+%E2%80%93+August+2009&rft.atitle=Twitter+Study+Reveals+Interesting+Results+About+Usage&rft.date=August+12%2C+2009&rft.place=San+Antonio%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Pear+Analytics&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-boyd-social-grooming-46"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-boyd-social-grooming_46-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danah_Boyd" title="Danah Boyd">Boyd, Danah</a> (August 16, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2009/08/16/twitter_pointle.html" rel="nofollow">"Twitter: "pointless babble" or peripheral awareness + social grooming?"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2009/08/16/twitter_pointle.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2009/08/16/twitter_pointle.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 19, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter%3A+%22pointless+babble%22+or+peripheral+awareness+%2B+social+grooming%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Danah&rft.au=Boyd%2C%26%2332%3BDanah&rft.date=August+16%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zephoria.org%2Fthoughts%2Farchives%2F2009%2F08%2F16%2Ftwitter_pointle.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com" rel="nofollow">"Twitter.com – Traffic Details from Alexa"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a>. August 26, 2010<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 26, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter.com+%E2%80%93+Traffic+Details+from+Alexa&rft.atitle=&rft.date=August+26%2C+2010&rft.pub=%5B%5BAlexa+Internet%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fsiteinfo%2Ftwitter.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Kazeniac-48"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-Kazeniac_48-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Kazeniac, Andy (February 9, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/" rel="nofollow">"Social Networks: Facebook Takes Over Top Spot, Twitter Climbs"</a>. Compete.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/" rel="nofollow">http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 17, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Social+Networks%3A+Facebook+Takes+Over+Top+Spot%2C+Twitter+Climbs&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kazeniac%2C+Andy&rft.au=Kazeniac%2C+Andy&rft.date=February+9%2C+2009&rft.pub=Compete.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.compete.com%2F2009%2F02%2F09%2Ffacebook-myspace-twitter-social-network%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-McGiboney-49"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-McGiboney_49-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">McGiboney, Michelle (March 18, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/twitters-tweet-smell-of-success/" rel="nofollow">"Twitter's Tweet Smell of Success"</a>. Nielsen<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/twitters-tweet-smell-of-success/" rel="nofollow">http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/twitters-tweet-smell-of-success/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 5, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter%27s+Tweet+Smell+of+Success&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=McGiboney%2C+Michelle&rft.au=McGiboney%2C+Michelle&rft.date=March+18%2C+2009&rft.pub=Nielsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.nielsen.com%2Fnielsenwire%2Fonline_mobile%2Ftwitters-tweet-smell-of-success%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Hoffman, Stefanie (April 29, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.crn.com/security/217200834;jsessionid=0AQSMPNH52QRQQSNDLOSKHSCJUNN2JVN" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Quitters Outnumber Those Who Stay, Report Finds"</a>. United Business Media<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.crn.com/security/217200834;jsessionid=0AQSMPNH52QRQQSNDLOSKHSCJUNN2JVN" rel="nofollow">http://www.crn.com/security/217200834;jsessionid=0AQSMPNH52QRQQSNDLOSKHSCJUNN2JVN</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 29, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Quitters+Outnumber+Those+Who+Stay%2C+Report+Finds&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hoffman%2C+Stefanie&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Stefanie&rft.date=April+29%2C+2009&rft.pub=United+Business+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crn.com%2Fsecurity%2F217200834%3Bjsessionid%3D0AQSMPNH52QRQQSNDLOSKHSCJUNN2JVN&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.gossinteractive.com/twitterfeed" rel="nofollow">"Publishing web content to Twitter"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goss_Interactive" title="Goss Interactive">Goss Interactive</a>. February 16, 2010<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.gossinteractive.com/twitterfeed" rel="nofollow">http://www.gossinteractive.com/twitterfeed</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved Feb 16, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Publishing+web+content+to+Twitter&rft.atitle=&rft.date=February+16%2C+2010&rft.pub=%5B%5BGoss+Interactive%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gossinteractive.com%2Ftwitterfeed&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sysomos.com/insidetwitter/clients" rel="nofollow">"Inside Twitter Clients – an analysis of 500 million tweets"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysomos" title="Sysomos">Sysomos</a>. Nov, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sysomos.com/insidetwitter/clients" rel="nofollow">http://www.sysomos.com/insidetwitter/clients</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved Aug 23, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Inside+Twitter+Clients+%E2%80%93+an+analysis+of+500+million+tweets&rft.atitle=&rft.date=Nov%2C+2009&rft.pub=%5B%5BSysomos%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sysomos.com%2Finsidetwitter%2Fclients&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2010/08/twitter-applications-and-oauth.html" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Applications and OAuth"</a>. Twitter. August 30, 2010<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2010/08/twitter-applications-and-oauth.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2010/08/twitter-applications-and-oauth.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved Sep 13, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Applications+and+OAuth&rft.atitle=&rft.date=August+30%2C+2010&rft.pub=Twitter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2010%2F08%2Ftwitter-applications-and-oauth.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-teensdonttweet-54">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-teensdonttweet_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-teensdonttweet_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Miller, Claire Cain (August 25, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/technology/internet/26twitter.html" rel="nofollow">"Who’s Driving Twitter’s Popularity? Not Teens"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/technology/internet/26twitter.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/technology/internet/26twitter.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 18, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who%E2%80%99s+Driving+Twitter%E2%80%99s+Popularity%3F+Not+Teens&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Claire+Cain&rft.au=Miller%2C%26%2332%3BClaire+Cain&rft.date=August+25%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F08%2F26%2Ftechnology%2Finternet%2F26twitter.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-comscore-55"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-comscore_55-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Lipsman, Andrew (September 2, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.comscore.com/2009/09/changing_demographics_of_twitter.html" rel="nofollow">"What Ashton vs. CNN Foretold About the Changing Demographics of Twitter"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComScore" title="ComScore">comScore</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.comscore.com/2009/09/changing_demographics_of_twitter.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.comscore.com/2009/09/changing_demographics_of_twitter.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 18, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Ashton+vs.+CNN+Foretold+About+the+Changing+Demographics+of+Twitter&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BcomScore%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Lipsman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Lipsman%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft.date=September+2%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.comscore.com%2F2009%2F09%2Fchanging_demographics_of_twitter.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Cheng, Alex; Evans, Mark (June 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sysomos.com/insidetwitter/" rel="nofollow">"An In-Depth Look Inside the Twitter World"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sysomos.com/insidetwitter/" rel="nofollow">http://www.sysomos.com/insidetwitter/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 17, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=An+In-Depth+Look+Inside+the+Twitter+World&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cheng%2C+Alex&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Alex&rft.date=June+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sysomos.com%2Finsidetwitter%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Bluff Brian (May 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.site-seeker.com/_blogs/who-uses-twitter-demographic/" rel="nofollow">accessdate=Sept. 22, 2010 "Who Uses Twitter?"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.site-seeker.com/_blogs/who-uses-twitter-demographic/" rel="nofollow">http://www.site-seeker.com/_blogs/who-uses-twitter-demographic/</a> accessdate=Sept. 22, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Who+Uses+Twitter%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Bluff+Brian&rft.au=Bluff+Brian&rft.date=May+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.site-seeker.com%2F_blogs%2Fwho-uses-twitter-demographic%2F+accessdate%3DSept.+22%2C+2010&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MarketingVOX-58">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-MarketingVOX_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-MarketingVOX_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.marketingvox.com/twitter-raises-over-35m-in-series-c-043192//" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Raises Over $35M in Series C"</a>. MarketingVOX. February 16, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.marketingvox.com/twitter-raises-over-35m-in-series-c-043192//" rel="nofollow">http://www.marketingvox.com/twitter-raises-over-35m-in-series-c-043192//</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 17, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Raises+Over+%2435M+in+Series+C&rft.atitle=&rft.date=February+16%2C+2009&rft.pub=MarketingVOX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketingvox.com%2Ftwitter-raises-over-35m-in-series-c-043192%2F%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Womack-59"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-Womack_59-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Womack, Brian (November 12, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=afu06n0L7LZ4" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Shuns Venture-Capital Money as Startup Values Plunge"</a>. Bloomberg L.P<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=afu06n0L7LZ4" rel="nofollow">http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=afu06n0L7LZ4</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 12, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Shuns+Venture-Capital+Money+as+Startup+Values+Plunge&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Womack&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Womack%2C%26%2332%3BBrian&rft.date=November+12%2C+2008&rft.pub=Bloomberg+L.P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601109%26sid%3Dafu06n0L7LZ4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Miller.2C_Claire_Cain-60"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-Miller.2C_Claire_Cain_60-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Miller, Claire Cain (October 16, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/ttwitter-sidelines-one-founder-and-promotes-another/#more-1642" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Sidelines One Founder and Promotes Another"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/ttwitter-sidelines-one-founder-and-promotes-another/#more-1642" rel="nofollow">http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/ttwitter-sidelines-one-founder-and-promotes-another/#more-1642</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 5, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Twitter+Sidelines+One+Founder+and+Promotes+Another&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Miller%2C+Claire+Cain&rft.au=Miller%2C+Claire+Cain&rft.date=October+16%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F10%2F16%2Fttwitter-sidelines-one-founder-and-promotes-another%2F%23more-1642&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Snyder, Bill (March 31, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/03/28/twitter-fanatical-users-help-build-brand-not-revenue" rel="nofollow">"Twitter: Fanatical users help build the brand, but not revenue"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Industry_Standard" title="The Industry Standard">The Industry Standard</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/03/28/twitter-fanatical-users-help-build-brand-not-revenue" rel="nofollow">http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/03/28/twitter-fanatical-users-help-build-brand-not-revenue</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 7, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter%3A+Fanatical+users+help+build+the+brand%2C+but+not+revenue&rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Industry+Standard%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Snyder%2C+Bill&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Bill&rft.date=March+31%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F03%2F28%2Ftwitter-fanatical-users-help-build-brand-not-revenue&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Miller, Claire (June 19, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/twitter-plans-to-offer-shopping-advice-and-easy-purchasing/" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Plans to Offer Shopping Advice and Easy Purchasing"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/twitter-plans-to-offer-shopping-advice-and-easy-purchasing/" rel="nofollow">http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/twitter-plans-to-offer-shopping-advice-and-easy-purchasing/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 20, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Twitter+Plans+to+Offer+Shopping+Advice+and+Easy+Purchasing&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Miller%2C%26%2332%3BClaire&rft.date=June+19%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F06%2F19%2Ftwitter-plans-to-offer-shopping-advice-and-easy-purchasing%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Arthur, Charles (April 13, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google" rel="nofollow">"Twitter unveils 'promoted tweets' ad plan"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google" rel="nofollow">http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 26, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Twitter+unveils+%27promoted+tweets%27+ad+plan&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Arthur%2C%26%2332%3BCharles&rft.date=April+13%2C+2010&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2010%2Fapr%2F13%2Ftwitter-advertising-google&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Kimberley, Sara (2010-04-13). <a class="external text" href="http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/996226/Twitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform/" rel="nofollow">"Twitter debuts 'Promoted Tweets' ad platform"</a>. Media Week<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/996226/Twitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform/" rel="nofollow">http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/996226/Twitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+debuts+%27Promoted+Tweets%27+ad+platform&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kimberley&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=Kimberley%2C%26%2332%3BSara&rft.date=2010-04-13&rft.pub=Media+Week&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaweek.co.uk%2Fnews%2F996226%2FTwitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since September 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Stone, Biz (July 15, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2009/07/twitter-even-more-open-than-we-wanted.html" rel="nofollow">"Twitter, Even More Open Than We Wanted"</a>. Twitter<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2009/07/twitter-even-more-open-than-we-wanted.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2009/07/twitter-even-more-open-than-we-wanted.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 7, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter%2C+Even+More+Open+Than+We+Wanted&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Stone%2C+Biz&rft.au=Stone%2C+Biz&rft.date=July+15%2C+2007&rft.pub=Twitter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2009%2F07%2Ftwitter-even-more-open-than-we-wanted.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/google-groupon-deal" rel="nofollow">http://www.businessinsider.com/google-groupon-deal</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Gomes, Lee (June 22, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0622/software-internet-innovation-digital-tools.html" rel="nofollow">"The Pied Piper of Pay"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0622/software-internet-innovation-digital-tools.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0622/software-internet-innovation-digital-tools.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 16, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Pied+Piper+of+Pay&rft.atitle=%5B%5BForbes%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Gomes%2C%26%2332%3BLee&rft.date=June+22%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fforbes%2F2009%2F0622%2Fsoftware-internet-innovation-digital-tools.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">ryan king (September 25, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2009/09/24/ree/" rel="nofollow">"Twitter on Ruby"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2009/09/24/ree/" rel="nofollow">http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2009/09/24/ree/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 31, 2009</span>. "We recently migrated Twitter from a custom Ruby 1.8.6 build to a Ruby Enterprise Edition release candidate, courtesy of Phusion. Our primary motivation was the integration of Brent's MBARI patches, which increase memory stability."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+on+Ruby&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=ryan+king&rft.au=ryan+king&rft.date=September+25%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.evanweaver.com%2Farticles%2F2009%2F09%2F24%2Free%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Payne (January 16, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080120141113/http://dev.twitter.com/2008/01/announcing-starling.html" rel="nofollow">"Announcing Starling"</a>. Twitter. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://dev.twitter.com/2008/01/announcing-starling.html" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on January 20, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080120141113/http://dev.twitter.com/2008/01/announcing-starling.html" rel="nofollow">http://web.archive.org/web/20080120141113/http://dev.twitter.com/2008/01/announcing-starling.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 11, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Announcing+Starling&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.au=Payne&rft.date=January+16%2C+2008&rft.pub=Twitter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080120141113%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fdev.twitter.com%2F2008%2F01%2Fannouncing-starling.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Venners, Bill (April 3, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.artima.com/scalazine/articles/twitter_on_scala.html" rel="nofollow">"Twitter on Scala"</a>. Artima Developer<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.artima.com/scalazine/articles/twitter_on_scala.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.artima.com/scalazine/articles/twitter_on_scala.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 17, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+on+Scala&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Venners&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Venners%2C%26%2332%3BBill&rft.date=April+3%2C+2009&rft.pub=Artima+Developer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artima.com%2Fscalazine%2Farticles%2Ftwitter_on_scala.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://groups.google.com/group/twitter-development-talk/web/api-documentation" rel="nofollow">"API Documentation"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Google Groups</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://groups.google.com/group/twitter-development-talk/web/api-documentation" rel="nofollow">http://groups.google.com/group/twitter-development-talk/web/api-documentation</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 8, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=API+Documentation&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BGoogle+Groups%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Ftwitter-development-talk%2Fweb%2Fapi-documentation&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://apiwiki.twitter.com/" rel="nofollow">"Twitter API Wiki / FrontPage"</a>. Apiwiki.twitter.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://apiwiki.twitter.com/" rel="nofollow">http://apiwiki.twitter.com/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+API+Wiki+%2F+FrontPage&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Apiwiki.twitter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapiwiki.twitter.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz_Stone" title="Biz Stone">Stone, Biz</a> (April 30, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2009/04/twitter-search-for-everyone.html" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Search for Everyone!"</a>. Twitter<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2009/04/twitter-search-for-everyone.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2009/04/twitter-search-for-everyone.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 7, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Search+for+Everyone%21&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Biz&rft.au=Stone%2C%26%2332%3BBiz&rft.date=April+30%2C+2009&rft.pub=Twitter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2009%2F04%2Ftwitter-search-for-everyone.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Walker, Rob (February 15, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/magazine/15wwln_consumed-t.html?_r=2" rel="nofollow">"Fail Whale"</a>. <i>Consumed</i> (New York Times Magazine): p. 17<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/magazine/15wwln_consumed-t.html?_r=2" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/magazine/15wwln_consumed-t.html?_r=2</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 15, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fail+Whale&rft.jtitle=Consumed&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Walker%2C%26%2332%3BRob&rft.date=February+15%2C+2009&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B17&rft.pub=New+York+Times+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F15%2Fmagazine%2F15wwln_consumed-t.html%3F_r%3D2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-earthquake-75"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-earthquake_75-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Whyte, Murray (June 1, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com/News/Ideas/article/434826" rel="nofollow">"Tweet, tweet there's been an earthquake; How an online social network chirpily called Twitter is becoming anything but trivial"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.thestar.com/News/Ideas/article/434826" rel="nofollow">http://www.thestar.com/News/Ideas/article/434826</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 1, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tweet%2C+tweet+there%27s+been+an+earthquake%3B+How+an+online+social+network+chirpily+called+Twitter+is+becoming+anything+but+trivial&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BToronto+Star%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft.au=Whyte%2C%26%2332%3BMurray&rft.date=June+1%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2FNews%2FIdeas%2Farticle%2F434826&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-downtime2-76"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-downtime2_76-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://royal.pingdom.com/2007/12/19/twitter-growing-pains-cause-lots-of-downtime-in-2007/" rel="nofollow">"Twitter growing pains cause lots of downtime in 2007"</a>. Pingdom. December 19, 2007<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://royal.pingdom.com/2007/12/19/twitter-growing-pains-cause-lots-of-downtime-in-2007/" rel="nofollow">http://royal.pingdom.com/2007/12/19/twitter-growing-pains-cause-lots-of-downtime-in-2007/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 17, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+growing+pains+cause+lots+of+downtime+in+2007&rft.atitle=&rft.date=December+19%2C+2007&rft.pub=Pingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyal.pingdom.com%2F2007%2F12%2F19%2Ftwitter-growing-pains-cause-lots-of-downtime-in-2007%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-downtime3-77"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-downtime3_77-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Dorsey, Jack (January 15, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2008/01/macworld.html" rel="nofollow">"MacWorld"</a>. Twitter<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2008/01/macworld.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2008/01/macworld.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 7, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MacWorld&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Dorsey%2C+Jack&rft.au=Dorsey%2C+Jack&rft.date=January+15%2C+2008&rft.pub=Twitter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2008%2F01%2Fmacworld.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-downtime4-78"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-downtime4_78-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Kuramoto, Jake (January 15, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://theappslab.com/2008/01/15/macworld-brings-twitter-to-its-knees/" rel="nofollow">"MacWorld Brings Twitter to its Knees"</a>. Oracle AppsLab<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://theappslab.com/2008/01/15/macworld-brings-twitter-to-its-knees/" rel="nofollow">http://theappslab.com/2008/01/15/macworld-brings-twitter-to-its-knees/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 7, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MacWorld+Brings+Twitter+to+its+Knees&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kuramoto%2C+Jake&rft.au=Kuramoto%2C+Jake&rft.date=January+15%2C+2008&rft.pub=Oracle+AppsLab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheappslab.com%2F2008%2F01%2F15%2Fmacworld-brings-twitter-to-its-knees%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-79">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2008/08/changes-for-some-sms-usersgood-and-bad.html" rel="nofollow">"Changes for Some SMS Users—Good and Bad News"</a>. Twitter (blog). August 13, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2008/08/changes-for-some-sms-usersgood-and-bad.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2008/08/changes-for-some-sms-usersgood-and-bad.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 14, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Changes+for+Some+SMS+Users%E2%80%94Good+and+Bad+News&rft.atitle=&rft.date=August+13%2C+2008&rft.pub=Twitter+%28blog%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2008%2F08%2Fchanges-for-some-sms-usersgood-and-bad.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Dorsey, Jack</a> (May 23, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://getsatisfaction.com/twitter/topics/twitter_im_down_may_23rd_may24th" rel="nofollow">"Twitter IM down May 23rd–May 24th"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Satisfaction" title="Get Satisfaction">Get Satisfaction</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://getsatisfaction.com/twitter/topics/twitter_im_down_may_23rd_may24th" rel="nofollow">http://getsatisfaction.com/twitter/topics/twitter_im_down_may_23rd_may24th</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 29, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+IM+down+May+23rd%E2%80%93May+24th&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Dorsey&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Dorsey%2C%26%2332%3BJack&rft.date=May+23%2C+2008&rft.pub=%5B%5BGet+Satisfaction%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgetsatisfaction.com%2Ftwitter%2Ftopics%2Ftwitter_im_down_may_23rd_may24th&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-81">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Williams_%28blogger%29" title="Evan Williams (blogger)">Williams, Evan</a> (October 10, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://status.twitter.com/post/53978711/im-not-coming-soon" rel="nofollow">"IM: Not coming soon"</a>. <i>Twitter status blog</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://status.twitter.com/post/53978711/im-not-coming-soon" rel="nofollow">http://status.twitter.com/post/53978711/im-not-coming-soon</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 31, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=IM%3A+Not+coming+soon&rft.atitle=Twitter+status+blog&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft.au=Williams%2C%26%2332%3BEvan&rft.date=October+10%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatus.twitter.com%2Fpost%2F53978711%2Fim-not-coming-soon&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-82">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Siegler, MG (June 12, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/06/12/all-hell-may-break-loose-on-twitter-in-2-hours/" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Moves Up The Twitpocalypse. All Hell May Break Loose Today."</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/06/12/all-hell-may-break-loose-on-twitter-in-2-hours/" rel="nofollow">http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/06/12/all-hell-may-break-loose-on-twitter-in-2-hours/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 18, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Moves+Up+The+Twitpocalypse.+All+Hell+May+Break+Loose+Today.&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Siegler&rft.aufirst=MG&rft.au=Siegler%2C%26%2332%3BMG&rft.date=June+12%2C+2009&rft.pub=%5B%5BTechCrunch%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techcrunch.com%2F2009%2F06%2F12%2Fall-hell-may-break-loose-on-twitter-in-2-hours%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-83">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">O'Brien, John (June 24, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://blogs.news.com.au/techblog/index.php/news/comments/macchat_2009_the_age_of_the_twitpocalypse/56653" rel="nofollow">"The age of the Twitpocalypse"</a>. <i>news.com.au</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Limited" title="News Limited">News Limited</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blogs.news.com.au/techblog/index.php/news/comments/macchat_2009_the_age_of_the_twitpocalypse/56653" rel="nofollow">http://blogs.news.com.au/techblog/index.php/news/comments/macchat_2009_the_age_of_the_twitpocalypse/56653</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 13, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+age+of+the+Twitpocalypse&rft.atitle=news.com.au&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=June+24%2C+2009&rft.pub=%5B%5BNews+Limited%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.news.com.au%2Ftechblog%2Findex.php%2Fnews%2Fcomments%2Fmacchat_2009_the_age_of_the_twitpocalypse%2F56653&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Parr, Ben (September 21, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2009/09/21/twitpocalypse-ii-update/" rel="nofollow">"Twitpocalypse II: Twitter Apps Might Break Tomorrow"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://mashable.com/2009/09/21/twitpocalypse-ii-update/" rel="nofollow">http://mashable.com/2009/09/21/twitpocalypse-ii-update/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 23, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitpocalypse+II%3A+Twitter+Apps+Might+Break+Tomorrow&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Parr&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Parr%2C%26%2332%3BBen&rft.date=September+21%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2009%2F09%2F21%2Ftwitpocalypse-ii-update%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Claburn, Thomas (August 6, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/attacks/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=219100308" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Downed By Denial Of Service Attack"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/attacks/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=219100308" rel="nofollow">http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/attacks/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=219100308</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 6, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Downed+By+Denial+Of+Service+Attack&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Claburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Claburn%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&rft.date=August+6%2C+2009&rft.pub=%5B%5BInformationWeek%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fnews%2Fsecurity%2Fattacks%2FshowArticle.jhtml%3FarticleID%3D219100308&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-86">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8189162.stm" rel="nofollow">"Web attack 'aimed at one blogger'"</a>. BBC News. August 7, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8189162.stm" rel="nofollow">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8189162.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 7, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Web+attack+%27aimed+at+one+blogger%27&rft.atitle=&rft.date=August+7%2C+2009&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8189162.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/12/18/twitter.hacked/index.html" rel="nofollow">"CNN: Twitter attacked"</a>. Edition.cnn.com. December 18, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/12/18/twitter.hacked/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/12/18/twitter.hacked/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 28, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CNN%3A+Twitter+attacked&rft.atitle=&rft.date=December+18%2C+2009&rft.pub=Edition.cnn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FTECH%2F12%2F18%2Ftwitter.hacked%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://twitter.com/privacy/" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Privacy Policy"</a>. Twitter. May 14, 2007<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://twitter.com/privacy/" rel="nofollow">http://twitter.com/privacy/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 11, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Privacy+Policy&rft.atitle=&rft.date=May+14%2C+2007&rft.pub=Twitter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fprivacy%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Hansell, Saul (July 16, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/advertisers-are-watching-your-every-tweet/" rel="nofollow">"Advertisers Are Watching Your Every Tweet"</a>. The New York Times<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/advertisers-are-watching-your-every-tweet/" rel="nofollow">http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/advertisers-are-watching-your-every-tweet/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 17, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Advertisers+Are+Watching+Your+Every+Tweet&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hansell&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft.au=Hansell%2C%26%2332%3BSaul&rft.date=July+16%2C+2009&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F07%2F16%2Fadvertisers-are-watching-your-every-tweet%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Gilbertson, Scott (June 11, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.webmonkey.com/blog/Twitter_Vulnerability:_Spoof_Caller_ID_To_Take_Over_Any_Account" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Vulnerability: Spoof Caller ID To Take Over Any Account"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmonkey" title="Webmonkey">Webmonkey</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.webmonkey.com/blog/Twitter_Vulnerability:_Spoof_Caller_ID_To_Take_Over_Any_Account" rel="nofollow">http://www.webmonkey.com/blog/Twitter_Vulnerability:_Spoof_Caller_ID_To_Take_Over_Any_Account</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 6, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Vulnerability%3A+Spoof+Caller+ID+To+Take+Over+Any+Account&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Gilbertson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Gilbertson%2C%26%2332%3BScott&rft.date=June+11%2C+2007&rft.pub=%5B%5BWebmonkey%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmonkey.com%2Fblog%2FTwitter_Vulnerability%3A_Spoof_Caller_ID_To_Take_Over_Any_Account&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since March 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Leyden, John (March 6, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/06/twitter_sms_spoofing_risk/" rel="nofollow">"Twitter SMS spoofing still undead"</a>. The Register<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/06/twitter_sms_spoofing_risk/" rel="nofollow">http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/06/twitter_sms_spoofing_risk/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 17, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+SMS+spoofing+still+undead&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Leyden&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Leyden%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=March+6%2C+2009&rft.pub=The+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2009%2F03%2F06%2Ftwitter_sms_spoofing_risk%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-92">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz_Stone" title="Biz Stone">Stone, Biz</a> (January 5, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2009/01/monday-morning-madness.html" rel="nofollow">"Monday Morning Madness"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2009/01/monday-morning-madness.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2009/01/monday-morning-madness.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 17, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Monday+Morning+Madness&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Biz&rft.au=Stone%2C%26%2332%3BBiz&rft.date=January+5%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fmonday-morning-madness.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-washtimes20090105-93"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-washtimes20090105_93-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Bellantoni, Christina; Stephen Dinan (January 5, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/05/obamas-twitter-site-hacked/" rel="nofollow">"Obama's Twitter site hacked?"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/05/obamas-twitter-site-hacked/" rel="nofollow">http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/05/obamas-twitter-site-hacked/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 5, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Obama%27s+Twitter+site+hacked%3F&rft.atitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.aulast=Bellantoni&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Bellantoni%2C%26%2332%3BChristina&rft.date=January+5%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fjan%2F05%2Fobamas-twitter-site-hacked%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html" rel="nofollow">"Twitter power players get shiny 'verified' badges"</a>. June 12, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html" rel="nofollow">http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 1, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+power+players+get+shiny+%27verified%27+badges&rft.atitle=&rft.date=June+12%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-95">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Ostrow, Adam (May 10, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2010/05/10/twitter-follow-bug/" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Bug Lets You Control Who Follows You"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://mashable.com/2010/05/10/twitter-follow-bug/" rel="nofollow">http://mashable.com/2010/05/10/twitter-follow-bug/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 11, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Bug+Lets+You+Control+Who+Follows+You&rft.atitle=%5B%5BMashable%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Ostrow&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Ostrow%2C%26%2332%3BAdam&rft.date=May+10%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2010%2F05%2F10%2Ftwitter-follow-bug%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-96">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Gonsalves, Antone. <a class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225701450&subSection=Privacy" rel="nofollow">"Twitter, Feds Settle Security Charges – Social Network Privacy"</a>. InformationWeek<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225701450&subSection=Privacy" rel="nofollow">http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225701450&subSection=Privacy</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter%2C+Feds+Settle+Security+Charges+%E2%80%93+Social+Network+Privacy&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Gonsalves&rft.aufirst=Antone&rft.au=Gonsalves%2C%26%2332%3BAntone&rft.pub=InformationWeek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fnews%2Fsecurity%2Fprivacy%2FshowArticle.jhtml%3FarticleID%3D225701450%26subSection%3DPrivacy&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BBCscram-97">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-BBCscram_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-BBCscram_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-BBCscram_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11382469" rel="nofollow">"BBC News – Twitter scrambles to block worms"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. September 21, 2010<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11382469" rel="nofollow">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11382469</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 September 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Twitter+scrambles+to+block+worms&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.date=September+21%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-11382469&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Mashable-98">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-Mashable_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-Mashable_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-Mashable_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2010/09/22/twitter-meltdown-17-year-old/" rel="nofollow">"17-year-old Australian Boy, Japanese Developer Take Blame for Twitter Meltdown"</a>. <i>mashable.com</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://mashable.com/2010/09/22/twitter-meltdown-17-year-old/" rel="nofollow">http://mashable.com/2010/09/22/twitter-meltdown-17-year-old/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 22 September 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=17-year-old+Australian+Boy%2C+Japanese+Developer+Take+Blame+for+Twitter+Meltdown&rft.atitle=mashable.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2010%2F09%2F22%2Ftwitter-meltdown-17-year-old%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-99">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11382469" rel="nofollow">"Twitter flaw pumps out spam links"</a>. BBC. 21 September 2010<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11382469" rel="nofollow">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11382469</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 September 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+flaw+pumps+out+spam+links&rft.atitle=&rft.date=21+September+2010&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-11382469&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-100">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://status.twitter.com/post/1161435117/xss-attack-identified-and-patched" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Status – XSS attack identified and patched."</a>. <i>status.twitter.com</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://status.twitter.com/post/1161435117/xss-attack-identified-and-patched" rel="nofollow">http://status.twitter.com/post/1161435117/xss-attack-identified-and-patched</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 September 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Status+%E2%80%93+XSS+attack+identified+and+patched.&rft.atitle=status.twitter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatus.twitter.com%2Fpost%2F1161435117%2Fxss-attack-identified-and-patched&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-101">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10675311" rel="nofollow">"Kiwi link to Twitter 'mouseover' chaos"</a>. <i>New Zealand Herald</i>. 2010-09-22. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1170-0777" rel="nofollow">1170-0777</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10675311" rel="nofollow">http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10675311</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kiwi+link+to+Twitter+%27mouseover%27+chaos&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Herald&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft.issn=1170-0777&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Ftechnology%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D5%26objectid%3D10675311&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-102">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://twitter.com/about/opensource" rel="nofollow">"Twitter / OpenSource"</a>. Twitter.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://twitter.com/about/opensource" rel="nofollow">http://twitter.com/about/opensource</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+%2F+OpenSource&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Twitter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fabout%2Fopensource&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-twitterhelpshort-103">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-twitterhelpshort_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-twitterhelpshort_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-twitterhelpshort_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-twitterhelpshort_103-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://support.twitter.com/entries/109623" rel="nofollow">"About Twitter's Link Service <http: t.co="">"</http:></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://support.twitter.com/entries/109623" rel="nofollow">http://support.twitter.com/entries/109623</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=About+Twitter%27s+Link+Service+%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Ft.co%3E&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.twitter.com%2Fentries%2F109623&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-twitterblog-104">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-twitterblog_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-twitterblog_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-twitterblog_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2010/06/links-and-twitter-length-shouldnt.html" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Blog: Links and Twitter: Length Shouldn’t Matter"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2010/06/links-and-twitter-length-shouldnt.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2010/06/links-and-twitter-length-shouldnt.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Blog%3A+Links+and+Twitter%3A+Length+Shouldn%E2%80%99t+Matter&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2010%2F06%2Flinks-and-twitter-length-shouldnt.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-register-105"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-register_105-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/09/02/twitter_ipad_app_and_url_shortener/" rel="nofollow">"Twitter tightens grip on own firehose"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/09/02/twitter_ipad_app_and_url_shortener/" rel="nofollow">http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/09/02/twitter_ipad_app_and_url_shortener/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+tightens+grip+on+own+firehose&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2010%2F09%2F02%2Ftwitter_ipad_app_and_url_shortener%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-106">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-switches-from-tinyurl-to-bitly-2009-5" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Switches From TinyURL To Bit.ly"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-switches-from-tinyurl-to-bitly-2009-5" rel="nofollow">http://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-switches-from-tinyurl-to-bitly-2009-5</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Switches+From+TinyURL+To+Bit.ly&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ftwitter-switches-from-tinyurl-to-bitly-2009-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-107">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blogs.ft.com/techblog/2009/11/whats-happening-a-lot-says-twitter-coo/" rel="nofollow">"What’s happening? A lot, says Twitter COO | Tech Blog | FT.com"</a>. Blogs.ft.com. November 20, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blogs.ft.com/techblog/2009/11/whats-happening-a-lot-says-twitter-coo/" rel="nofollow">http://blogs.ft.com/techblog/2009/11/whats-happening-a-lot-says-twitter-coo/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 28, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=What%E2%80%99s+happening%3F+A+lot%2C+says+Twitter+COO+%26%23124%3B+Tech+Blog+%26%23124%3B+FT.com&rft.atitle=&rft.date=November+20%2C+2009&rft.pub=Blogs.ft.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ft.com%2Ftechblog%2F2009%2F11%2Fwhats-happening-a-lot-says-twitter-coo%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-108">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2009/11/whats-happening.html" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Blog: What's Happening?"</a>. Blog.twitter.com. November 19, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2009/11/whats-happening.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2009/11/whats-happening.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 28, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Blog%3A+What%27s+Happening%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.date=November+19%2C+2009&rft.pub=Blog.twitter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2009%2F11%2Fwhats-happening.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-109">^</a></b> Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), "The 100 Greatest Movies, TV shows, Albums, Books, Character, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends that entertained us over the past 10 years". Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080):74-84</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-110">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://business.financialpost.com/2010/11/23/fp-tech-desk-the-coming-twitter-news-network/" rel="nofollow">"The coming Twitter News Network"</a>. financialpost.com. November 22, 2010<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://business.financialpost.com/2010/11/23/fp-tech-desk-the-coming-twitter-news-network/" rel="nofollow">http://business.financialpost.com/2010/11/23/fp-tech-desk-the-coming-twitter-news-network/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 23, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+coming+Twitter+News+Network&rft.atitle=&rft.date=November+22%2C+2010&rft.pub=financialpost.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2F2010%2F11%2F23%2Ffp-tech-desk-the-coming-twitter-news-network%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-111">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2008/07/twitter-as-news-wire.html" rel="nofollow">"Twitter As News-wire"</a>. blog.twitter.com. July 29, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2008/07/twitter-as-news-wire.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.twitter.com/2008/07/twitter-as-news-wire.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 23, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+As+News-wire&rft.atitle=&rft.date=July+29%2C+2008&rft.pub=blog.twitter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitter.com%2F2008%2F07%2Ftwitter-as-news-wire.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-112">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Lavallee, Andrew (March 16, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117373145818634482-ZwdoPQ0PqPrcFMDHDZLz_P6osnI_20080315.html" rel="nofollow">"Friends Swap Twitters, and Frustration"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117373145818634482-ZwdoPQ0PqPrcFMDHDZLz_P6osnI_20080315.html" rel="nofollow">http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117373145818634482-ZwdoPQ0PqPrcFMDHDZLz_P6osnI_20080315.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 7, 200 8</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Friends+Swap+Twitters%2C+and+Frustration&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Wall+Street+Journal%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Lavallee&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Lavallee%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft.date=March+16%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fpublic%2Farticle%2FSB117373145818634482-ZwdoPQ0PqPrcFMDHDZLz_P6osnI_20080315.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-113">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Jason, Pontin (April 22, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/business/yourmoney/22stream.html" rel="nofollow">"From Many Tweets, One Loud Voice on the Internet"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/business/yourmoney/22stream.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/business/yourmoney/22stream.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 21, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+Many+Tweets%2C+One+Loud+Voice+on+the+Internet&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+New+York+Times%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Jason&rft.aufirst=Pontin&rft.au=Jason%2C%26%2332%3BPontin&rft.date=April+22%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F04%2F22%2Fbusiness%2Fyourmoney%2F22stream.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-114">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Thompson, Clive (September 5, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/magazine/07awareness-t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all" rel="nofollow">"I'm So Totally, Digitally Close to You"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/magazine/07awareness-t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/magazine/07awareness-t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 22, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=I%27m+So+Totally%2C+Digitally+Close+to+You&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+New+York+Times+Magazine%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Thompson%2C%26%2332%3BClive&rft.date=September+5%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F07%2Fmagazine%2F07awareness-t.html%3F_r%3D1%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-115">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Lewis, Nick (April 16, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.vancouversun.com/Entertainment/Tweet+this+year+Twitter/1470046/story.html" rel="nofollow">"Tweet this: It's the year of the Twitte r"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun" title="The Vancouver Sun">The Vancouver Sun</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.vancouversun.com/Entertainment/Tweet+this+year+Twitter/1470046/story.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.vancouversun.com/Entertainment/Tweet+this+year+Twitter/1470046/story.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 13, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Tweet+this%3A+It%27s+the+year+of+the+Twitte+r&rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Vancouver+Sun%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Lewis%2C%26%2332%3BNick&rft.date=April+16%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vancouversun.com%2FEntertainment%2FTweet%2Bthis%2Byear%2BTwitter%2F1470046%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since September 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-116">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Cohen, Noam (June 20, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/weekinreview/21cohenweb.html?_r=1&hp" rel="nofollow">"Twitter on the Barricades: Six Lessons Learned"</a>. The New York Times<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/weekinreview/21cohenweb.html?_r=1&hp" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/weekinreview/21cohenweb.html?_r=1&hp</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 21, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+on+the+Barricades%3A+Six+Lessons+Learned&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.au=Cohen%2C%26%2332%3BNoam&rft.date=June+20%2C+2009&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F06%2F21%2Fweekinreview%2F21cohenweb.html%3F_r%3D1%26hp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-117">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Goldsmith, Belinda (April 29, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/deborahCohen/idUSTRE53S1A720090429" rel="nofollow">"Many Twitters are quick quitters: study"</a>. <i>Reuters</i> (Thompson Reuters)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/deborahCohen/idUSTRE53S1A720090429" rel="nofollow">http://www.reuters.com/article/deborahCohen/idUSTRE53S1A720090429</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 29, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Many+Twitters+are+quick+quitters%3A+study&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Belinda&rft.au=Goldsmith%2C%26%2332%3BBelinda&rft.date=April+29%2C+2009&rft.pub=Thompson+Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FdeborahCohen%2FidUSTRE53S1A720090429&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Webby_Awards-118"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-Webby_Awards_118-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/specialachievement13.php/#twitter" rel="nofollow">"13th Annual Webby Special Achievement Award Winners"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webby_Awards" title="Webby Awards">Webby Awards</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/specialachievement13.php/#twitter" rel="nofollow">http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/specialachievement13.php/#twitter</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 5, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=13th+Annual+Webby+Special+Achievement+Award+Winners&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BWebby+Awards%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webbyawards.com%2Fwebbys%2Fspecialachievement13.php%2F%23twitter&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Paul-119"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-Paul_119-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Paul, Ian (May 5, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/164374/jimmy_fallon_wins_top_webby_and_the_winners_are.html" rel="nofollow">"Jimmy Fallon Wins Top Webby: And the Winners Are PC World May 5, 2009"</a>. PC World<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/164374/jimmy_fallon_wins_top_webby_and_the_winners_are.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.pcworld.com/article/164374/jimmy_fallon_wins_top_webby_and_the_winners_are.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 5, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Jimmy+Fallon+Wins+Top+Webby%3A+And+the+Winners+Are+PC+World+May+5%2C+2009&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Paul%2C%26%2332%3BIan&rft.date=May+5%2C+2009&rft.pub=PC+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F164374%2Fjimmy_fallon_wins_top_webby_and_the_winners_are.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-120">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Carvin, Andy (February 28, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101265831" rel="nofollow">"Welcome to the Twitterverse"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101265831" rel="nofollow">http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101265831</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 16, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Twitterverse&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Carvin&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Carvin%2C%26%2332%3BAndy&rft.date=February+28%2C+2009&rft.pub=%5B%5BNational+Public+Radio%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D101265831&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-121">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=219509&title=Brian-Williams" rel="nofollow">"Brian Williams"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a>. February 26, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=219509&title=Brian-Williams" rel="nofollow">http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=219509&title=Brian-Williams</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 5, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Brian+Williams&rft.atitle=&rft.date=February+26%2C+2009&rft.pub=%5B%5BComedy+Central%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailyshow.com%2Fvideo%2Findex.jhtml%3FvideoId%3D219509%26title%3DBrian-Williams&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-122">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=219519&title=twitter-frenzy" rel="nofollow">"Twitter Frenzy"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a>. March 2, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=219519&title=twitter-frenzy" rel="nofollow">http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=219519&title=twitter-frenzy</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 3, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twitter+Frenzy&rft.atitle=&rft.date=March+2%2C+2009&rft.pub=%5B%5BComedy+Central%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailyshow.com%2Fvideo%2Findex.jhtml%3FvideoId%3D219519%26title%3Dtwitter-frenzy&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-123">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.socialtimes.com/2010/04/time-magazines-social-influence-index-led-by-obama-gaga-kutcher/" rel="nofollow">http://www.socialtimes.com/2010/04/time-magazines-social-influence-index-led-by-obama-gaga-kutcher/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-124">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Trudeau" title="Garry Trudeau">Trudeau, Garry</a> (March 2, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.doonesbury.com/strip/dailydose/index.html?uc_full_date=20090302" rel="nofollow">http://www.doonesbury.com/strip/dailydose/index.html?uc_full_date=20090302</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.doonesbury.com/strip/dailydose/index.html?uc_full_date=20090302" rel="nofollow">http://www.doonesbury.com/strip/dailydose/index.html?uc_full_date=20090302</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 4, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Doonesbury%40Slate+Daily+Dose+3+March+2009&rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Washington+Post%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft.au=Trudeau%2C%26%2332%3BGarry&rft.date=March+2%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doonesbury.com%2Fstrip%2Fdailydose%2Findex.html%3Fuc_full_date%3D20090302&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-125">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Faure-Brac, Josh (March 16, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://current.com/items/89891774_twouble-with-twitters.htm" rel="nofollow">"Twouble with Twitters // Current"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperNews%21" title="SuperNews!">SuperNews!</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://current.com/items/89891774_twouble-with-twitters.htm" rel="nofollow">http://current.com/items/89891774_twouble-with-twitters.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 8, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twouble+with+Twitters+%2F%2F+Current&rft.atitle=%5B%5BSuperNews%21%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Faure-Brac&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.au=Faure-Brac%2C%26%2332%3BJosh&rft.date=March+16%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcurrent.com%2Fitems%2F89891774_twouble-with-twitters.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-126">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Post Store (August 21, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/20/AR2010082005741.html" rel="nofollow">"South Korea tries to block Twitter messages from North"</a>. Washingtonpost.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/20/AR2010082005741.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/20/AR2010082005741.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=South+Korea+tries+to+block+Twitter+messages+from+North&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Post+Store&rft.au=Post+Store&rft.date=August+21%2C+2010&rft.pub=Washingtonpost.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F08%2F20%2FAR2010082005741.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-mashable.com-127">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-mashable.com_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-mashable.com_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web">August 19, 2010 Zachary Sniderman View Comments (2010-08-19). <a class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2010/08/19/north-korea-twitter-banned/" rel="nofollow">"North Korea's Newly Launched Twitter Account Banned by South Korea"</a>. Mashable.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://mashable.com/2010/08/19/north-korea-twitter-banned/" rel="nofollow">http://mashable.com/2010/08/19/north-korea-twitter-banned/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=North+Korea%27s+Newly+Launched+Twitter+Account+Banned+by+South+Korea&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=August+19%2C+2010+Zachary+Sniderman+View+Comments&rft.au=August+19%2C+2010+Zachary+Sniderman+View+Comments&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.pub=Mashable.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2010%2F08%2F19%2Fnorth-korea-twitter-banned%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-128">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Boyd, Clark (2010-08-18). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11007825" rel="nofollow">"BBC News – North Korea creates Twitter and YouTube presence"</a>. Bbc.co.uk<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11007825" rel="nofollow">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11007825</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+North+Korea+creates+Twitter+and+YouTube+presence&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft.au=Boyd%2C%26%2332%3BClark&rft.date=2010-08-18&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-11007825&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Twitter"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nydailynewscom-129"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-nydailynewscom_129-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/11/18/2010-11-18_chinese_woman_cheng_jianping_sentenced_to_a_year_in_labor_camp_over_twitter_post.html" rel="nofollow">Chinese woman, Cheng Jianping, sentenced to a year in labor camp over Twitter post</a> Aliyah Shahid, 2010 11 18, NY Daily News, via www.nydailynews.com on 2010 11 18</li>
<li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-130"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_130-0">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/blog-post/2010/12/wikileaks_left_off_twitter_tre.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> washingtonpost.com on 2010 12 06</li>
<li id="cite_note-osnews.com-131"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-osnews.com_131-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.osnews.com/story/24100/Twitter_Appears_to_Censor_Wikileaks-Related_Trends?jkhyh=g" rel="nofollow">Twitter Appears to Censor WikiLeaks-Related Trends</a> osnews.com on 2010 12 06</li>
<li id="cite_note-osdir-132"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-osdir_132-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://osdir.com/Article10586.phtml" rel="nofollow">Twitter May be Censoring WikiÑeaks</a> osdir.com on 2010 12 06</li>
<li id="cite_note-twitterblogwikileaks-133"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter#cite_ref-twitterblogwikileaks_133-0">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://blog.twitter.com/2010/12/to-trend-or-not-to-trend.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></li>
</ol></div></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" /></td><td class="mbox-text">Look up <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/twitter" title="wiktionary:twitter">twitter</a></b></i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" /></td><td class="mbox-text">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Twitter" title="commons:Category:Twitter">Twitter</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table><ul><li><span class="official website"><a class="external text" href="http://twitter.com/" rel="nofollow">Official website</a></span></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://twitter.com/twitter" rel="nofollow">Twitter</a> on <strong class="selflink">Twitter</strong></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.quantcast.com/twitter.com#demographics" rel="nofollow">Twitter Demographics and Audience Profile</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantcast" title="Quantcast">Quantcast</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/" rel="nofollow">Twitter in Depth Archive</a> by <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126086325" rel="nofollow">The Library of Congress is Archiving Your Tweets</a> – audio report by <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://rt.com/Top_News/2010-08-31/russia-politicians-twitter-mania.html" rel="nofollow">Twittermania sweeps Russia's politicians</a> (RT article</li>
</ul>Site Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02270365323542814793noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620605760327811095.post-25811185312650997092010-12-28T14:57:00.000+00:002011-01-03T15:18:47.946+00:00What is Facebook?<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Facebook</h1><!-- /firstHeading --> <!-- bodyContent --> <!-- tagline --> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><!-- /tagline --> <!-- subtitle --> <!-- /subtitle --> <!-- jumpto --> <div id="jump-to-nav"> Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#p-search">search</a> </div><!-- /jumpto --> <!-- bodytext --> <div class="dablink">This article is about the website. For the collection of photographs of people after which it is named, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_%28directory%29" title="Facebook (directory)">Facebook (directory)</a>.</div><div class="metadata topicon" id="protected-icon" style="display: none; right: 55px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Padlock-silver-slash.svg/20px-Padlock-silver-slash.svg.png" width="20" /></a></div><table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vcard" style="font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: left; width: 22em;"><caption class="fn org" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">Facebook, Inc.</caption> <tbody>
<tr class=""> <td class="logo" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook.svg"><img alt="Facebook.svg" height="66" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Facebook.svg/175px-Facebook.svg.png" width="175" /></a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Types_of_companies" title="Category:Types of companies">Type</a></th> <td class="category"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Founded</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Growth_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Growth-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> (2004)</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur" title="Entrepreneur">Founder</a></th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz" title="Dustin Moskovitz">Dustin Moskovitz</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hughes_%28entrepreneur%29" title="Chris Hughes (entrepreneur)">Chris Hughes</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Headquarters</th> <td class="adr"><span class="locality"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, U.S. (main headquarters; serves the Americas)<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland (headquarters for Europe, Africa, Middle East)<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea (headquarters for Asia)<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, New Zealand (headquarters for Oceania), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a>, India<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> (Headquarters for South Asia)</span></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Area served</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World" title="World">Worldwide</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Key people</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</small><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cox_%28Facebook%29" title="Chris Cox (Facebook)">Chris Cox</a> <small>(VP of Product)</small><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Sandberg" title="Sheryl Sandberg">Sheryl Sandberg</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">COO</a>)</small></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a></th> <td class=""><img alt="increase" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" width="11" /> US$800 million (2009 est.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Estimated_annual_sales_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Estimated_annual_sales-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employees</a></th> <td class="">1700+ (2010)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pressinfo_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-pressinfo-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website" title="Website">Website</a></th> <td class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/" rel="nofollow">facebook.com</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> support</th> <td class="">Yes, special URL <a class="external text" href="http://www.v6.facebook.com/" rel="nofollow">www.v6.facebook.com</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a> rank</th> <td class=""><img alt="steady" height="2" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Steady.PNG/11px-Steady.PNG" width="11" /> 2 (November 2010)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Type of site</th> <td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_service" title="Social network service">Social network service</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Advertising</a></th> <td class=""><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_ads" title="Banner ads">Banner ads</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referral_marketing" title="Referral marketing">referral marketing</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual games</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Registration</th> <td class="">Required</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_user" title="Registered user">Users</a></th> <td class="">500 million<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-500m_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-500m-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> (active in July 2010)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-totalactiveusers_6-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-totalactiveusers-6"><span>[</span>N 1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Available in</a></th> <td class=""><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingual" title="Multilingual">Multilingual</a></td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Launched</th> <td class="">February 4, 2004</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Current status</th> <td class="category">Active</td> </tr>
<tr class=""> <td class="screenshot" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame1" style="border: medium none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(204, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Screenshot<a class="NavToggle" href="javascript:toggleNavigationBar(1);" id="NavToggle1">[show]</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="background-color: transparent; display: none; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_log_in.png"><img alt="Facebook log in.png" height="125" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Facebook_log_in.png/200px-Facebook_log_in.png" width="200" /></a></div></div><br />
<span style="font-size: smaller;">Screenshot of Facebook's homepage</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><b>Facebook</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_service" title="Social network service">social network service</a> and website launched in February 2004 that is operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Growth_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Growth-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> As of July 2010<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display: none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facebook&action=edit" rel="nofollow">[update]</a></sup> Facebook has more than 500 million active users,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-500m_5-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-500m-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-totalactiveusers_6-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-totalactiveusers-6"><span>[</span>N 1<span>]</span></a></sup> Users may create a personal profile, add other users as friends and exchange messages, including automatic notifications when they update their profile. Additionally, users may join common interest user groups, organized by workplace, school, or college, or other characteristics. The name of the service stems from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_%28directory%29" title="Facebook (directory)">colloquial name for the book</a> given to students at the start of the academic year by university administrations in the US with the intention of helping students to get to know each other better. Facebook allows anyone who declares themselves to be at least 13 years old to become a registered user of the website.<br />
Facebook was founded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> with his college roommates and fellow computer science students <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz" title="Dustin Moskovitz">Dustin Moskovitz</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hughes_%28entrepreneur%29" title="Chris Hughes (entrepreneur)">Chris Hughes</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> The website's membership was initially limited by the founders to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> students, but was expanded to other colleges in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> area, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. It gradually added support for students at various other universities before opening to high school students, and, finally, to anyone aged 13 and over.<br />
A January 2009 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compete.com" title="Compete.com">Compete.com</a> study ranked Facebook as the most used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a> by worldwide monthly active users, followed by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace">MySpace</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kazeniac_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Kazeniac-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i> put it on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, saying, "How on earth did we stalk our exes, remember our co-workers' birthdays, bug our friends, and play a rousing game of Scrabulous before Facebook?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Quantcast estimates Facebook has 135.1 million monthly unique U.S. visitors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Controversies_and_criticism"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Controversies and criticism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Company"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Company</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Website"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Website</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Political_impact"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Political impact</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#In_media"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">In media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><script type="text/javascript">
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</script> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Facebook" title="History of Facebook">History of Facebook</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Facebook" title="Timeline of Facebook">Timeline of Facebook</a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> wrote Facemash, the predecessor to Facebook, on October 28, 2003, while attending <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophomore" title="Sophomore">sophomore</a>. According to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></i>, the site was comparable to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_or_Not" title="Hot or Not">Hot or Not</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> and "used photos compiled from the online facebooks of nine houses, placing two next to each other at a time and asking users to choose the 'hotter' person".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated2007_13-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-autogenerated2007-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MarkZuckerberg.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="227" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MarkZuckerberg.jpg/170px-MarkZuckerberg.jpg" width="170" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MarkZuckerberg.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> co-created Facebook in his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> dorm room.</div></div></div>To accomplish this, Zuckerberg <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack" title="Hack">hacked</a> into the protected areas of Harvard's computer network, and copied the houses' private dormitory <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID" title="ID">ID</a> images. Harvard at that time did not have a student "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_%28directory%29" title="Facebook (directory)">facebook</a>" (a directory with photos and basic information). Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated2007_13-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-autogenerated2007-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fastcompany.com_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-fastcompany.com-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrights</a>, and violating individual privacy, and faced expulsion. Ultimately, however, the charges were dropped.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-facemash_survives_15-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-facemash_survives-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a> final, by uploading 500 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">Augustan</a> images to a website, with one image per page along with a comment section.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fastcompany.com_14-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-fastcompany.com-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> He opened the site up to his classmates, and people started sharing their notes.<br />
The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website in January 2004. He was inspired, he said, by an editorial in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></i> about the Facemash incident.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hoffman.2C_Claire_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Hoffman.2C_Claire-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched "Thefacebook", originally located at thefacebook.com.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-skepticism_17-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-skepticism-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Six days after the site launched, three Harvard seniors, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Winklevoss" title="Cameron Winklevoss">Cameron Winklevoss</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Winklevoss" title="Tyler Winklevoss">Tyler Winklevoss</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divya_Narendra" title="Divya Narendra">Divya Narendra</a>, accused Zuckerberg of intentionally misleading them into believing he would help them build a social network called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConnectU" title="ConnectU">HarvardConnection.com</a>, while he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zuckerberghacked_18-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-zuckerberghacked-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> The three complained to the <i>Harvard Crimson</i>, and the newspaper began an investigation. The three later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nytb_19-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-nytb-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Membership was initially restricted to students of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, and within the first month, more than half the undergraduate population at Harvard was registered on the service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a> (business aspects), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz" title="Dustin Moskovitz">Dustin Moskovitz</a> (programmer), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McCollum" title="Andrew McCollum">Andrew McCollum</a> (graphic artist), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hughes_%28entrepreneur%29" title="Chris Hughes (entrepreneur)">Chris Hughes</a> soon joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website. In March 2004, Facebook expanded to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-timeline_21-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-timeline-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> It soon opened to the other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> schools, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT" title="MIT">MIT</a>, and gradually most universities in Canada and the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Facebook <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_%28business%29" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated</a> in the summer of 2004, and the entrepreneur <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Parker" title="Sean Parker">Sean Parker</a>, who had been informally advising Zuckerberg, became the company's president.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_260505_24-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-NYT_260505-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> In June 2004, Facebook moved its base of operations to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-timeline_21-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-timeline-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> It received its first investment later that month from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> co-founder <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-beware_25-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-beware-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> The company dropped <i>The</i> from its name after purchasing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> facebook.com in 2005 for $200,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_0" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px;"><caption>Total active users<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-totalactiveusers_6-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-totalactiveusers-6"><span>[</span>N 1<span>]</span></a></sup> <small>(in millions)</small></caption> <tbody>
<tr style="font-size: 0.8em;"> <th>Date<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> <th>Users<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> <th>Days later<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> <th>Monthly growth<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>N 2<span>]</span></a></sup><a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="display: none; speak: none;">02008-08-26</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">August 26, 2008</span></td> <td><span style="display: none;">&0000000000000100000000</span>100<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="display: none;">&0000000000001665000000</span>1,665</td> <td>178.38%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="display: none; speak: none;">02009-04-08</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">April 8, 2009</span></td> <td><span style="display: none;">&0000000000000200000000</span>200<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="display: none;">&0000000000000225000000</span>225</td> <td>13.33%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="display: none; speak: none;">02009-09-15</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">September 15, 2009</span></td> <td><span style="display: none;">&0000000000000300000000</span>300<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="display: none;">&0000000000000150000000</span>150</td> <td>10%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="display: none; speak: none;">02010-02-05</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">February 5, 2010</span></td> <td><span style="display: none;">&0000000000000400000000</span>400<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-400m_31-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-400m-31"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="display: none;">&0000000000000143000000</span>143</td> <td>6.99%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="display: none; speak: none;">02010-07-21</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">July 21, 2010</span></td> <td><span style="display: none;">&0000000000000500000000</span>500<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-500m_5-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-500m-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="display: none;">&0000000000000166000000</span>166</td> <td>4.52%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;">—</td> <td><span style="display: none;">&0000000000000600000000</span>600</td> <td><span style="display: none;">&0000000000000160000000</span>160 (ongoing)</td> <td style="text-align: center;">—</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>Facebook launched a high school version in September 2005, which Zuckerberg called the next logical step.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> At that time, high school networks required an invitation to join.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> Facebook later expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> Facebook was then opened on September 26, 2006, to everyone of ages 13 and older with a valid <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address" title="Email address">email address</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-welcome_35-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-welcome-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tos_36-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-tos-36"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On October 24, 2007, Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million, giving Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MSPR1_37-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-MSPR1-37"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> Microsoft's purchase included rights to place international ads on Facebook.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BW-6Aug08_38-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-BW-6Aug08-38"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> In October 2008, Facebook announced that it would set up its international headquarters in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> In September 2009, Facebook said that it had turned cash flow positive for the first time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> In November 2010, based on SecondMarket Inc., an exchange for shares of privately held companies, Facebook's value was $41 billion (surpassing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>'s slightly) and it became the third-largest US Web Company after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Facebook has been identified as a possible candidate for an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_Public_Offering" title="Initial Public Offering">IPO</a> by 2013.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Traffic to Facebook increased steadily after 2009. More people visited Facebook than Google for the week ending March 13, 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Facebook also became the top social network across eight individual markets in Asia—the Philippines, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Vietnam, while other brands commanded the top positions in certain markets, including Google-owned Orkut in India, Mixi.jp in Japan, CyWorld in South Korea, and Yahoo!’s Wretch.cc in Taiwan.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikinews has related news: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Facebook_reaches_500_million_users" title="wikinews:Facebook reaches 500 million users">Facebook reaches 500 million users</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversies_and_criticism">Controversies and criticism</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a></div>Facebook has been met with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">controversies</a>. It has been blocked intermittently in several countries including the People's Republic of China,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-chinablock_44-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-chinablock-44"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-benstocking_45-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-benstocking-45"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-reviewz_50-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-reviewz-50"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> on different basis. For example on the basis of Anti-Islamic and religious discrimination content allowed by Facebook, it was banned in many countries of the world. It has also been banned at many workplaces to prevent the wasting of employees' time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook#Privacy_concerns" title="Criticism of Facebook">privacy of Facebook users</a> has also been an issue, and the safety of user accounts has been compromised several times. Facebook has settled a lawsuit regarding claims over source code and intellectual property.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Company">Company</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1601californiaavelobby.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="187" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/1601californiaavelobby.jpg/220px-1601californiaavelobby.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1601californiaavelobby.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Entrance to Facebook's current headquarters in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park" title="Stanford Research Park">Stanford Research Park</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>.</div></div></div>Most of Facebook's revenues comes from advertising. Microsoft is Facebook's exclusive partner for serving <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">banner advertising</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> and as such Facebook only serves advertisements that exist in Microsoft's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_network" title="Advertising network">advertisement inventory</a>. According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComScore" title="ComScore">comScore</a>, an internet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_research" title="Marketing research">marketing research</a> company, Facebook collects as much data from its visitors as Google and Microsoft, but considerably less than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the security team began expanding its efforts to counter threats and terrorism from users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-revealed_55-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-revealed-55"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> On November 6, 2007, Facebook launched <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Beacon" title="Facebook Beacon">Facebook Beacon</a>, which was an ultimately failed attempt to advertise to friends of users using the knowledge of what purchases friends made.<br />
Facebook generally has a lower <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickthrough_rate" title="Clickthrough rate">clickthrough rate</a> (CTR) for advertisements than most major websites. For banner advertisements, they have generally received one-fifth the number of clicks on Facebook compared to the Web as a whole.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> This means that a smaller percentage of Facebook's users click on advertisements than many other large websites. For example, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> users click on the first advertisement for search results an average of 8% of the time (80,000 clicks for every one million searches),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> Facebook's users click on advertisements an average of 0.04% of the time (400 clicks for every one million pages).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Sarah Smith, who was Facebook's Online Sales Operations Manager, confirmed that successful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_campaign" title="Advertising campaign">advertising campaigns</a> can have clickthrough rates as low as 0.05% to 0.04%, and that CTR for ads tend to fall within two weeks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> Competing social network <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace">MySpace</a>'s CTR, in comparison, is about 0.1%, 2.5 times better than Facebook's but still low compared to many other websites. Explanations for Facebook's low CTR include the fact that Facebook's users are more technologically savvy and therefore use <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_blocking" title="Ad blocking">ad blocking</a> software to hide advertisements, the users are younger and therefore are better at ignoring advertising messages, and that on MySpace, users spend more time browsing through content while on Facebook, users spend their time communicating with friends and therefore have their attention diverted away from advertisements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_1" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px;"><caption>Revenues
<small>(estimated, in millions <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$" title="US$">US$</a>)</small></caption> <tbody>
<tr> <th>Year<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> <th>Revenue<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> <th>Growth<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#" onclick="ts_resortTable(this);return false;"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/sort_none.gif" /></span></a></th> </tr>
<tr> <td>2006</td> <td>$<span style="display: none;">&0000000000000052000000</span>52<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-goes-beyond_61-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-goes-beyond-61"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2007</td> <td>$<span style="display: none;">&0000000000000150000000</span>150<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-finances-leaked_62-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-finances-leaked-62"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>188%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2008</td> <td>$<span style="display: none;">&0000000000000280000000</span>280<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turns-down_63-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-turns-down-63"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>87%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2009</td> <td>$<span style="display: none;">&0000000000000800000000</span>800<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Estimated_annual_sales_2-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Estimated_annual_sales-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>186%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2010<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>N 3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>$<span style="display: none;">&0000000000001100000000</span>1,100<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-not-off_65-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-not-off-65"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td>38%</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>On pages for brands and products, however, some companies have reported CTR as high as 6.49% for Wall posts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> Involver, a social marketing platform, announced in July 2008 that it managed to attain a CTR of 0.7% on Facebook (over 10 times the typical CTR for Facebook ad campaigns) for its first client, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Software" title="Serena Software">Serena Software</a>, managing to convert 1.1 million views into 8,000 visitors to their website.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> A study found that for video advertisements on Facebook, over 40% of users who viewed the videos viewed the entire video, while the industry average was 25% for in-banner video ads.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Facebook has over 1,700 employees, and offices in 12 countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> Regarding Facebook ownership, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> owns 24% of the company, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_Partners" title="Accel Partners">Accel Partners</a> owns 10%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Sky_Technologies" title="Digital Sky Technologies">Digital Sky Technologies</a> owns 10%<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz" title="Dustin Moskovitz">Dustin Moskovitz</a> owns 6%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a> owns 5%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Parker" title="Sean Parker">Sean Parker</a> owns 4%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a> owns 3%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylock_Partners" title="Greylock Partners">Greylock Partners</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritech_Capital_Partners" title="Meritech Capital Partners">Meritech Capital Partners</a> own between 1 to 2% each, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> owns 1.3%, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ka-shing" title="Li Ka-shing">Li Ka-shing</a> owns 0.75%, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpublic_Group" title="Interpublic Group">Interpublic Group</a> owns less than 0.5%, a small group of current and former employees and celebrities own less than 1% each, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cohler" title="Matt Cohler">Matt Cohler</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Rothschild&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jeff Rothschild (page does not exist)">Jeff Rothschild</a>, California U.S. Senator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Barbara Boxer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hughes_%28entrepreneur%29" title="Chris Hughes (entrepreneur)">Chris Hughes</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Van_Natta" title="Owen Van Natta">Owen Van Natta</a>, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Pincus" title="Mark Pincus">Mark Pincus</a> have sizable holdings of the company, and the remaining 30% or so are owned by employees, an undisclosed number of celebrities, and outside investors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_D%27Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a>, chief technology officer and friend of Zuckerberg, resigned in May 2008. Reports claimed that he and Zuckerberg began quarreling, and that he was no longer interested in partial ownership of the company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Website">Website</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features" title="Facebook features">Facebook features</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Platform" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Platform</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_log_in.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="157" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Facebook_log_in.png/250px-Facebook_log_in.png" width="250" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_log_in.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Facebook's homepage features a login form on the top right for existing users, and a registration form directly underneath for new visitors.</div></div></div>Users can create profiles with photos, lists of personal interests, contact information, and other personal information. Users can communicate with friends and other users through private or public messages and a chat feature. They can also create and join interest groups and "like pages" (formerly called "fan pages", until April 19, 2010), some of which are maintained by organizations as a means of advertising.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
To allay concerns about privacy, Facebook enables users to choose their own privacy settings and choose who can see specific parts of their profile.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> The website is free to users, and generates revenue from advertising, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">banner ads</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tc_75-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-tc-75"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> Facebook requires a user’s name and profile picture (if applicable) to be accessible by everyone. Users can control who sees other information they have shared, as well as who can find them in searches, through their privacy settings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Choose_Your_Privacy_Settings_76-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-Choose_Your_Privacy_Settings-76"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook2011.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="178" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Facebook2011.jpg/250px-Facebook2011.jpg" width="250" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook2011.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Optional profile shown on Facebook in 2011. Made available in December 2010.</div></div></div>The media often compares Facebook to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace">MySpace</a>, but one significant difference between the two websites is the level of customization.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> Another difference is Facebook’s requirement that users utilize their true identity, a demand that MySpace does not make.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> MySpace allows users to decorate their profiles using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS), while Facebook only allows <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> Facebook has a number of features with which users may interact. They include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Wall" title="Facebook features">Wall</a>, a space on every user's profile page that allows friends to post messages for the user to see;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-off_80-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-off-80"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Poke" title="Super Poke">Pokes</a>, which allows users to send a virtual "poke" to each other (a notification then tells a user that they have been poked);<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Photo_and_video_uploads" title="Facebook features">Photos</a>, where users can upload albums and photos;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gifts_82-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-gifts-82"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Status_Updates" title="Facebook features">Status</a>, which allows users to inform their friends of their whereabouts and actions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> Depending on privacy settings, anyone who can see a user's profile can also view that user's Wall. In July 2007, Facebook began allowing users to post attachments to the Wall, whereas the Wall was previously limited to textual content only.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-off_80-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-off-80"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_mobile.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="329" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Facebook_mobile.png/220px-Facebook_mobile.png" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_mobile.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Facebook mobile <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a></div></div></div>Over time, Facebook added features to its website. On September 6, 2006, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Feed_%28Facebook%29" title="News Feed (Facebook)">News Feed</a> was announced, which appears on every user's homepage and highlights information including profile changes, upcoming events, and birthdays of the user's friends.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> This enabled spammers and other users to manipulate these features by creating illegitimate events or posting fake birthdays to attract attention to their profile or cause.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> Initially, the News Feed caused dissatisfaction among Facebook users; some complained it was too cluttered and full of undesired information, while others were concerned it made it too easy for others to track individual activities (such as relationship status changes, events, and conversations with other users).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In response, Zuckerberg issued an apology for the site's failure to include appropriate customizable privacy features. Since then, users have been able to control what types of information are shared automatically with friends. Users are now able to prevent user-set categories of friends from seeing updates about certain types of activities, including profile changes, Wall posts, and newly added friends.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On February 23, 2010, Facebook was granted <a class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=7669123&OS=7669123&RS=7669123" rel="nofollow">US patent 7669123</a> on certain aspects of its News Feed. The patent covers News Feeds in which links are provided so that one user can participate in the same activity of another user.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> The patent may encourage Facebook to pursue action against websites that violate its patent, which may potentially include websites such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
One of the most popular applications on Facebook is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Photo_and_video_uploads" title="Facebook features">Photos</a> application, where users can upload albums and photos.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> Facebook allows users to upload an unlimited number of photos, compared with other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_hosting_service" title="Image hosting service">image hosting services</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobucket" title="Photobucket">Photobucket</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a>, which apply limits to the number of photos that a user is allowed to upload. During the first years, Facebook users were limited to 60 photos per album. As of May 2009, this limit has been increased to 200 photos per album.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Privacy settings can be set for individual albums, limiting the groups of users that can see an album. For example, the privacy of an album can be set so that only the user's friends can see the album, while the privacy of another album can be set so that all Facebook users can see it. Another feature of the Photos application is the ability to "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_%28metadata%29" title="Tag (metadata)">tag</a>", or label users in a photo. For instance, if a photo contains a user's friend, then the user can tag the friend in the photo. This sends a notification to the friend that they have been tagged, and provides them a link to see the photo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Original-facebook.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="162" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Original-facebook.jpg/220px-Original-facebook.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Original-facebook.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Profile shown on Thefacebook in 2005</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook2007.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="228" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Facebook2007.jpg/220px-Facebook2007.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook2007.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Facebook profile shown in 2007</div></div></div>Facebook Notes was introduced on August 22, 2006, a blogging feature that allowed tags and embeddable images. Users were later able to import blogs from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanga" title="Xanga">Xanga</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_%28service%29" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a>, and other blogging services.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-welcome_35-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-welcome-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> During the week of April 7, 2008, Facebook released a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_%28programming%29" title="Comet (programming)">Comet</a>-based<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> application called "Chat" to several networks,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> which allows users to communicate with friends and is similar in functionality to desktop-based <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messengers" title="Instant messengers">instant messengers</a>.<br />
Facebook launched <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Gifts" title="Facebook features">Gifts</a> on February 8, 2007, which allows users to send virtual gifts to their friends that appear on the recipient's profile. Gifts cost $1.00 each to purchase, and a personalized message can be attached to each gift.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup> On May 14, 2007, Facebook launched <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_features#Marketplace" title="Facebook features">Marketplace</a>, which lets users post free classified ads.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> Marketplace has been compared to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>, which points out that the major difference between the two is that listings posted by a user on Marketplace are only seen by users that are in the same network as that user, whereas listings posted on Craigslist can be seen by anyone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On July 20, 2008, Facebook introduced "Facebook Beta", a significant redesign of its user interface on selected networks. The Mini-Feed and Wall were consolidated, profiles were separated into tabbed sections, and an effort was made to create a "cleaner" look.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> After initially giving users a choice to switch, Facebook began migrating all users to the new version beginning in September 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> On December 11, 2008, it was announced that Facebook was testing a simpler signup process.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On June 13, 2009, Facebook introduced a "Usernames" feature, whereby pages can be linked with simpler <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> such as <code><a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/facebook" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/facebook</a></code> as opposed to <code><a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=20531316728" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=20531316728</a></code>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> Many new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> offer access to the Facebook services either through their web-browsers or applications. An official Facebook application is available for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_OS" title="IPhone OS">iPhone OS</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_OS" title="Android OS">Android OS</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">WebOS</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_In_Motion" title="Research In Motion">Research In Motion</a> both provide Facebook applications for their own mobile devices. More than 150 million active users access Facebook through mobile devices across 200 mobile operators in 60 countries.<br />
On November 15, 2010, Facebook announced a new "Facebook Messages" service. In a media event that day, CEO Mark Zuckerberg said, "It's true that people will be able to have an @facebook.com email addresses, but it's not email." The launch of such a feature had been anticipated for some time before the announcement, with some calling it a "Gmail killer." The system, to be available to all of the website's users, combines <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a>, and regular messages, and will include privacy settings similar to those of other Facebook services. Codenamed "Project Titan," Facebook Messages took 15 months to develop.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-106"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a></div>According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComScore" title="ComScore">comScore</a>, Facebook is the leading social networking site based on monthly unique visitors, having overtaken main competitor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace">MySpace</a> in April 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> ComScore reports that Facebook attracted 130 million unique visitors in May 2010, an increase of 8.6 million people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a>, the website's ranking among all websites increased from 60th to 7th in worldwide traffic, from September 2006 to September 2007, and is currently 2nd.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-alexatrafficrank_110-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-alexatrafficrank-110"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantcast" title="Quantcast">Quantcast</a> ranks the website 2nd in the U.S. in traffic,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-111"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compete.com" title="Compete.com">Compete.com</a> ranks it 2nd in the U.S.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-112"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> The website is the most popular for uploading photos, with 50 billion uploaded cumulatively.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2010, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a>'s "Security Threat Report 2010" polled over 500 firms, 60% of which responded that they believed that Facebook was the social network that posed the biggest threat to security, well ahead of MySpace, Twitter, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-revealed_55-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-revealed-55"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Facebook is the most popular social networking site in several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries where English is an official language">English-speaking countries</a>, including Canada,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-canada_114-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-canada-114"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup> the United Kingdom,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-uk_115-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-uk-115"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> and the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-116"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-117"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-118"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-119"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup> In regional Internet markets, Facebook penetration is highest in North America (69 percent), followed by Middle East-Africa (67 percent), Latin America (58 percent), Europe (57 percent), and Asia-Pacific (17 percent).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The website has won awards such as placement into the "Top 100 Classic Websites" by <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazine" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i> in 2007,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-121"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup> and winning the "People's Voice Award" from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webby_Award" title="Webby Award">Webby Awards</a> in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-webby_122-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-webby-122"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup> In a 2006 study conducted by Student Monitor, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>-based company specializing in research concerning the college student market, Facebook was named the second most popular thing among undergraduates, tied with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> and only ranked lower than the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-123"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On March 2010, Judge Richard Seeborg issued an order approving the class settlement in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_v._Facebook,_Inc." title="Lane v. Facebook, Inc.">Lane v. Facebook, Inc.</a></i>, the class action lawsuit arising out of Facebook's Beacon program.<br />
In 2010, Facebook won the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchie" title="Crunchie">Crunchie</a> “Best Overall Startup Or Product” the third year in a row<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup> and was recognized as one of the "Hottest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> Companies" by Lead411.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> However, in a July 2010 survey performed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Customer_Satisfaction_Index" title="American Customer Satisfaction Index">American Customer Satisfaction Index</a>, Facebook received a score of 64 out of 100, placing it in the bottom 5% of all private sector companies in terms of customer satisfaction, alongside industries such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS_e-file" title="IRS e-file">IRS e-file</a> system, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_companies" title="Cable companies">cable companies</a>. Reasons for why Facebook scored so poorly include privacy problems, frequent changes to the website's interface, the results returned by the News Feed, and spam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-126"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In December 2008, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory">Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory</a> ruled that Facebook is a valid <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_%28diplomacy%29" title="Protocol (diplomacy)">protocol</a> to serve court notices to defendants. It is believed to be the world's first legal judgement that defines a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summons" title="Summons">summons</a> posted on Facebook as legally binding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-127"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup> In March 2009, the New Zealand High Court associate justice David Glendall allowed for the serving of legal papers on Craig Axe by the company Axe Market Garden via Facebook.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-128"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup> Employers (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic_Airways" title="Virgin Atlantic Airways">Virgin Atlantic Airways</a>) have also used Facebook as a means to keep tabs on their employees and have even been known to fire them over posts they have made.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-129"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
By 2005, the use of Facebook had already become so ubiquitous that the generic verb "facebooking" had come into use to describe the process of browsing others' profiles or updating one's own.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-130"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2008, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a> declared "Facebook" as their new Word of the Year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup> In December 2009, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Oxford_American_Dictionary" title="New Oxford American Dictionary">New Oxford American Dictionary</a> declared their word of the year to be the verb "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfriend" title="Unfriend">unfriend</a>", defined as "To remove someone as a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend_%28Facebook%29" title="Friend (Facebook)">friend</a>" on a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking" title="Social networking">social networking</a> site such as Facebook. As in, “I decided to unfriend my roommate on Facebook after we had a fight” ".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-132"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
As of April 2010, according to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, countries with most Facebook users are the United States, the United Kingdom and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-133"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup> Indonesia has become the country with the second largest number of Facebook users, after the United States, with 24 million users, or 10% of Indonesia's population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-134"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup> Also in early 2010, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbook_%28website%29" title="Openbook (website)">Openbook</a> was established, an avowed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> website (and privacy advocacy website)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-135"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup> that enables text-based searches of those Wall posts that are available to "Everyone", i.e. to everyone on the Internet.<br />
Writers for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> found in 2010 that Facebook apps were transmitting identifying information to "dozens of advertising and Internet tracking companies". The apps used an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_referrer" title="HTTP referrer">HTTP referrer</a> which exposed the user's identity and sometimes their friends'. Facebook said, "We have taken immediate action to disable all applications that violate our terms".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-136"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_impact">Political impact</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abc_facebook_debate_saint_anselm.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Abc_facebook_debate_saint_anselm.JPG/220px-Abc_facebook_debate_saint_anselm.JPG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abc_facebook_debate_saint_anselm.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The stage at the Facebook – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Anselm_College" title="Saint Anselm College">Saint Anselm College</a> debates in 2008.</div></div></div>Facebook's role in the American political process was demonstrated in January 2008, shortly before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>, when Facebook teamed up with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Anselm_College" title="Saint Anselm College">Saint Anselm College</a> to allow users to give live feedback about the "back to back" January 5 Republican and Democratic debates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-137"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-138"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-139"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gibson" title="Charles Gibson">Charles Gibson</a> moderated both debates, held at the Dana Center for the Humanities at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Anselm_College" title="Saint Anselm College">Saint Anselm College</a>. Facebook users took part in debate groups organized around specific topics, register to vote, and message questions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-140"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Over 1,000,000 people installed the Facebook application 'US politics' in order to take part, and the application measured users' responses to specific comments made by the debating candidates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-141"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup> This debate showed the broader community what many young students had already experienced: Facebook was an extremely popular and powerful new way to interact and voice opinions. An article written by Michelle Sullivan of Uwire.com illustrates how the "facebook effect" has affected youth voting rates, support by youth of political candidates, and general involvement by the youth population in the 2008 election.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-142"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In February 2008, a Facebook group called "One Million Voices Against FARC" organized an event that saw hundreds of thousands of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_people" title="Colombian people">Colombians</a> march in protest against the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a>, better known as the FARC (from the group's Spanish name).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-143"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup> In August 2010, one of North Korea's official government websites, Uriminzokkiri, joined Facebook.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-144"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In 2010 in English the site was linked to and attributed to a rise in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a> cases based on research but this was rebuked by the company as deliberate misrepresentation of the concepts of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-145"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_media">In media</span></h2><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a> has news involving Facebook:</td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="mbox-text" colspan="2"> <div style="clear: left; margin-left: 5px;"> <ul><li><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Bloggers_investigate_social_networking_websites" title="n:Bloggers investigate social networking websites">Bloggers investigate social networking websites</a></li>
<li><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/News_services_and_World_Wide_Web_companies_increase_Farsi_services_after_Iranian_presidential_election" title="n:News services and World Wide Web companies increase Farsi services after Iranian presidential election">News services and World Wide Web companies increase Persian language services after Iranian presidential election</a></li>
</ul></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><ul><li>At age 102, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bean" title="Ivy Bean">Ivy Bean</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, England joined Facebook in 2008, making her one of the oldest people ever on Facebook. An inspiration to other residents,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-146"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup> she quickly became more widely known and several fan pages were made in her honor. She visited Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> and his wife, Sarah, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a> early in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-147"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup> Some time after creating her Facebook page, Bean also joined <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, when she passed the maximum number of friends allowed by Facebook. She became the oldest person to ever use the Twitter website. At the time of her death in July 2010, she had 4,962 friends on Facebook and more than 56,000 followers on Twitter. Her death was widely reported in the media and she received tributes from several notable media personalities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-148"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>"<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FriendFace" title="FriendFace">FriendFace</a>", a December 2008 episode of the British sitcom, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IT_Crowd" title="The IT Crowd">The IT Crowd</a></i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parodied</a> Facebook and social networking sites, in general.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DenOfGeek22March2009_149-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-DenOfGeek22March2009-149"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>American author, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Mezrich" title="Ben Mezrich">Ben Mezrich</a>, published a book in July 2009 about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> and the founding of Facebook, titled <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Accidental_Billionaires:_The_Founding_of_Facebook,_A_Tale_of_Sex,_Money,_Genius,_and_Betrayal" title="The Accidental Billionaires: The Founding of Facebook, A Tale of Sex, Money, Genius, and Betrayal">The Accidental Billionaires: The Founding of Facebook, A Tale of Sex, Money, Genius, and Betrayal</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-150"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>In response to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Draw_Mohammed_Day" title="Everybody Draw Mohammed Day">Everybody Draw Mohammed Day</a> controversy and the ban of the website in Pakistan, an Islamic version of the website was created, called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MillatFacebook" title="MillatFacebook">MillatFacebook</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-afp_151-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-afp-151"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Have_0_Friends" title="You Have 0 Friends">You Have 0 Friends</a>", an April 2010 episode of the American animated comedy series, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i>, parodied Facebook.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GuardianMediaMonkey8April2010_152-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-GuardianMediaMonkey8April2010-152"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Network" title="The Social Network">The Social Network</a></i>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film" title="Drama film">drama film</a> directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a> about the founding of Facebook, was released October 1, 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-153"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-153"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup> The film features an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast" title="Ensemble cast">ensemble cast</a> consisting of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Eisenberg" title="Jesse Eisenberg">Jesse Eisenberg</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Garfield" title="Andrew Garfield">Andrew Garfield</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake" title="Justin Timberlake">Justin Timberlake</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Parker" title="Sean Parker">Sean Parker</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armie_Hammer" title="Armie Hammer">Armie Hammer</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Winklevoss" title="Cameron Winklevoss">Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss</a>. The film was written by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Sorkin" title="Aaron Sorkin">Aaron Sorkin</a> and adapted from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Mezrich" title="Ben Mezrich">Ben Mezrich</a>'s 2009 book. The film was distributed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a>. No staff members of Facebook, including Zuckerberg, were involved with the project. However, one of Facebook's co-founders, Eduardo Saverin, was a consultant for Mezrich's book. Mark Zuckerberg has said that <i>The Social Network</i> is inaccurate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_note-154"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(249, 249, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" width="32" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
<tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Factory_1b.svg"><img alt="" height="26" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Factory_1b.svg/32px-Factory_1b.svg.png" width="32" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
<tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png"><img alt="" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" width="28" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites" title="List of social networking websites">List of social networking websites</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_stalking" title="Facebook stalking">Facebook stalking</a></li>
</ul><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2><div class="reflist references-small"> <div class="references"> <ol><li id="cite_note-totalactiveusers-6">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-totalactiveusers_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-totalactiveusers_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-totalactiveusers_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> An "active user" is defined by Facebook as a user who has visited the website in the last 30 days.</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> "Monthly growth" is the average percentage growth rate at which the total number of active users grows each month over the specified period.</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> Projected revenue for 2010</li>
</ol></div></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><ol><li id="cite_note-Growth-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Growth_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Growth_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web">Eldon, Eric. (2008-12-18). <a class="external text" href="http://venturebeat.com/2008/12/18/2008-growth-puts-facebook-in-better-position-to-make-money/" rel="nofollow">"2008 Growth Puts Facebook In Better Position to Make Money"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://venturebeat.com/2008/12/18/2008-growth-puts-facebook-in-better-position-to-make-money/" rel="nofollow">http://venturebeat.com/2008/12/18/2008-growth-puts-facebook-in-better-position-to-make-money/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=2008+Growth+Puts+Facebook+In+Better+Position+to+Make+Money&rft.atitle=VentureBeat&rft.aulast=Eldon%2C+Eric.&rft.au=Eldon%2C+Eric.&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2008%2F12%2F18%2F2008-growth-puts-facebook-in-better-position-to-make-money%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=360924937130" rel="nofollow">"Niet compatibele browser | Facebook"</a>. Blog.facebook.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=360924937130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=360924937130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-11-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Niet+compatibele+browser+%26%23124%3B+Facebook&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Blog.facebook.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D360924937130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Estimated_annual_sales-2">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Estimated_annual_sales_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Estimated_annual_sales_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Facebook-09-revenue-neared-800-mn-Sources/articleshow/6063819.cms" rel="nofollow">"Facebook '09 revenue neared $800 mn"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. 2010-06-18<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Facebook-09-revenue-neared-800-mn-Sources/articleshow/6063819.cms" rel="nofollow">http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Facebook-09-revenue-neared-800-mn-Sources/articleshow/6063819.cms</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 Jun 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+%2709+revenue+neared+%24800+mn&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2010-06-18&rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Economic+Times%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Finfotech%2Finternet%2FFacebook-09-revenue-neared-800-mn-Sources%2Farticleshow%2F6063819.cms&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pressinfo-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-pressinfo_3-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php" rel="nofollow">"Press Info"</a>, Facebook. Retrieved May 27, 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/facebook.com" rel="nofollow"><i>Facebook.com – Traffic Details from Alexa</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a>, Inc<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/facebook.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/facebook.com</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-10-25</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facebook.com%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Traffic+Details+from+Alexa&rft.pub=%5B%5BAlexa+Internet%5D%5D%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fsiteinfo%2Ffacebook.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-500m-5">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-500m_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-500m_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-500m_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web">Zuckerberg, Mark (2010-07-21). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=409753352130" rel="nofollow">"500 Million Stories"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=409753352130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=409753352130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=500+Million+Stories&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Zuckerberg%2C+Mark&rft.au=Zuckerberg%2C+Mark&rft.date=2010-07-21&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D409753352130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Statistics"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 21, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Statistics&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpress%2Finfo.php%3Fstatistics&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Carlson, Nicholas (2010-03-05). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-facebook-was-founded-2010-3#we-can-talk-about-that-after-i-get-all-the-basic-functionality-up-tomorrow-night-1" rel="nofollow">"At Last – The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded"</a>. Business Insider<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-facebook-was-founded-2010-3#we-can-talk-about-that-after-i-get-all-the-basic-functionality-up-tomorrow-night-1" rel="nofollow">http://www.businessinsider.com/how-facebook-was-founded-2010-3#we-can-talk-about-that-after-i-get-all-the-basic-functionality-up-tomorrow-night-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=At+Last%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+The+Full+Story+Of+How+Facebook+Was+Founded&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Carlson%2C%26%2332%3BNicholas&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft.pub=Business+Insider&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhow-facebook-was-founded-2010-3%23we-can-talk-about-that-after-i-get-all-the-basic-functionality-up-tomorrow-night-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Kazeniac-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Kazeniac_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Kazeniac, Andy (2009-02-09). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/" rel="nofollow">"Social Networks: Facebook Takes Over Top Spot, Twitter Climbs"</a>. Compete.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/" rel="nofollow">http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-17</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Social+Networks%3A+Facebook+Takes+Over+Top+Spot%2C+Twitter+Climbs&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kazeniac%2C+Andy&rft.au=Kazeniac%2C+Andy&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft.pub=Compete.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.compete.com%2F2009%2F02%2F09%2Ffacebook-myspace-twitter-social-network%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009)). "THE 100 Greatest Movies, TV Shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends that entertained us over the 10 Years". Entertainment Weekly.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=THE+100+Greatest+Movies%2C+TV+Shows%2C+Albums%2C+Books%2C+Characters%2C+Scenes%2C+Episodes%2C+Songs%2C+Dresses%2C+Music+Videos%2C+and+Trends+that+entertained+us+over+the+10+Years&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Geier%2C+Thom&rft.au=Geier%2C+Thom&rft.date=December+11%2C+2009%29&rft.issue=%281079%2F1080%29%3A74-84&rft.pub=Entertainment+Weekly&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.quantcast.com/facebook.com" rel="nofollow">"facebook.com — Quantcast Audience Profile"</a>. Quantcast.com. 2010-10-27<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.quantcast.com/facebook.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.quantcast.com/facebook.com</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-11-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=facebook.com%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+Quantcast+Audience+Profile&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft.pub=Quantcast.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantcast.com%2Ffacebook.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Tabak, Alan J. (February 9, 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050403215543/www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=357292" rel="nofollow">"Hundreds Register for New Facebook Website"</a>. Harvard Crimson<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050403215543/www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=357292" rel="nofollow">http://web.archive.org/web/20050403215543/www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=357292</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hundreds+Register+for+New+Facebook+Website&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Tabak&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rft.au=Tabak%2C%26%2332%3BAlan+J.&rft.date=February+9%2C+2004&rft.pub=Harvard+Crimson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20050403215543%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fref%3D357292&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2007-13">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-autogenerated2007_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-autogenerated2007_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Locke, Laura. <a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1644040,00.html" rel="nofollow">"The Future of Facebook"</a>, Time Magazine, July 17, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-fastcompany.com-14">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-fastcompany.com_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-fastcompany.com_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> McGirt, Ellen. <a class="external text" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/115/open_features-hacker-dropout-ceo.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg: Hacker. Dropout. CEO. "</a>, Fast Company, May 1, 2007. Retrieved November 5, 2009.</li>
<li id="cite_note-facemash_survives-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-facemash_survives_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Kaplan, Katherine (2003-11-19). <a class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=350143" rel="nofollow">"Facemash Creator Survives Ad Board"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=350143" rel="nofollow">http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=350143</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facemash+Creator+Survives+Ad+Board&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kaplan%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Katherine&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Harvard+Crimson%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fref%3D350143&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hoffman.2C_Claire-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Hoffman.2C_Claire_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Hoffman, Claire (2008-06-28). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080703220456/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/21129674/the_battle_for_facebook/" rel="nofollow">"The Battle for Facebook"</a>. Rolling Stone. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/21129674/the_battle_for_facebook/" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on July 3, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080703220456/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/21129674/the_battle_for_facebook/" rel="nofollow">http://web.archive.org/web/20080703220456/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/21129674/the_battle_for_facebook/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Facebook&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Hoffman%2C+Claire&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Claire&rft.date=2008-06-28&rft.pub=Rolling+Stone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080703220456%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F21129674%2Fthe_battle_for_facebook%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-skepticism-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-skepticism_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Seward, Zachary M. (2007-07-25). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118539991204578084.html?mod=googlenews_wsj" rel="nofollow">"Judge Expresses Skepticism About Facebook Lawsuit"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118539991204578084.html?mod=googlenews_wsj" rel="nofollow">http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118539991204578084.html?mod=googlenews_wsj</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-04-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Judge+Expresses+Skepticism+About+Facebook+Lawsuit&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Wall+Street+Journal%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Seward%2C+Zachary+M.&rft.au=Seward%2C+Zachary+M.&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB118539991204578084.html%3Fmod%3Dgooglenews_wsj&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-zuckerberghacked-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-zuckerberghacked_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Carlson, Nicolas (2010-03-05). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mark-zuckerberg-hacked-into-the-harvard-crimson-2010-3" rel="nofollow">"In 2004, Mark Zuckerberg Broke Into A Facebook User's Private Email Account"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mark-zuckerberg-hacked-into-the-harvard-crimson-2010-3" rel="nofollow">http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mark-zuckerberg-hacked-into-the-harvard-crimson-2010-3</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+2004%2C+Mark+Zuckerberg+Broke+Into+A+Facebook+User%27s+Private+Email+Account&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Carlson%2C%26%2332%3BNicolas&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhow-mark-zuckerberg-hacked-into-the-harvard-crimson-2010-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nytb-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-nytb_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Brad Stone (2008-06-28). <a class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/judge-ends-facebooks-feud-with-connectu/index.html" rel="nofollow">"Judge Ends Facebook’s Feud With ConnectU"</a>. The New York Times<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/judge-ends-facebooks-feud-with-connectu/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/judge-ends-facebooks-feud-with-connectu/index.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Judge+Ends+Facebook%E2%80%99s+Feud+With+ConnectU&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Brad+Stone&rft.au=Brad+Stone&rft.date=2008-06-28&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F26%2Fjudge-ends-facebooks-feud-with-connectu%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Phillips, Sarah (2007-07-25). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia" rel="nofollow">"A brief history of Facebook"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (London)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia" rel="nofollow">http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+Facebook&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Guardian%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Phillips%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Sarah&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2007%2Fjul%2F25%2Fmedia.newmedia&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-timeline-21">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-timeline_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-timeline_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?timeline" rel="nofollow">"Press Room"</a>. Facebook. 2007-01-01<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?timeline" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?timeline</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Press+Room&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpress%2Finfo.php%3Ftimeline&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Rosmarin, Rachel (2006-09-11). <a class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/2006/09/11/facebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html" rel="nofollow">"Open Facebook"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.forbes.com/2006/09/11/facebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.forbes.com/2006/09/11/facebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Open+Facebook&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Rosmarin%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Rosmarin%2C+Rachel&rft.date=2006-09-11&rft.pub=%5B%5BForbes%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F11%2Ffacebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5541/1.600318" rel="nofollow">"Online network created by Harvard students flourishes"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tufts_Daily" title="The Tufts Daily">The Tufts Daily</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5541/1.600318" rel="nofollow">http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5541/1.600318</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-08-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Online+network+created+by+Harvard+students+flourishes&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Tufts+Daily%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuftsdaily.com%2F2.5541%2F1.600318&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT_260505-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-NYT_260505_24-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Rosen, Ellen (2005-05-26). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/business/26sbiz.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=thefacebook+parker&st=nyt" rel="nofollow">"Student's Start-Up Draws Attention and $13 Million"</a>. The New York Times<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/business/26sbiz.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=thefacebook+parker&st=nyt" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/business/26sbiz.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=thefacebook+parker&st=nyt</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-05-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Student%27s+Start-Up+Draws+Attention+and+%2413+Million&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Rosen%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Ellen&rft.date=2005-05-26&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F05%2F26%2Fbusiness%2F26sbiz.html%3F_r%3D2%26scp%3D1%26sq%3Dthefacebook%2Bparker%26st%3Dnyt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-beware-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-beware_25-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/general/beware-facebook/2008/01/18/1200620184398.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2" rel="nofollow">"Why you should beware of Facebook"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i> (Melbourne). 2008-01-20<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/general/beware-facebook/2008/01/18/1200620184398.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2" rel="nofollow">http://www.theage.com.au/news/general/beware-facebook/2008/01/18/1200620184398.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-04-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+you+should+beware+of+Facebook&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Age%5D%5D&rft.date=2008-01-20&rft.place=Melbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2Fbeware-facebook%2F2008%2F01%2F18%2F1200620184398.html%3Fpage%3Dfullpage%23contentSwap2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Williams, Chris (2007-10-01). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/10/01/facebook_domain_dispute/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook wins Manx battle for face-book.com"</a>. The Register<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/10/01/facebook_domain_dispute/" rel="nofollow">http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/10/01/facebook_domain_dispute/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+wins+Manx+battle+for+face-book.com&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Williams%2C+Chris&rft.au=Williams%2C+Chris&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft.pub=The+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2007%2F10%2F01%2Ffacebook_domain_dispute%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>|</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=28111272130" rel="nofollow">"Blog post"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=28111272130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=28111272130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Blog+post&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D28111272130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=72353897130" rel="nofollow">"Blog post"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=72353897130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=72353897130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Blog+post&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D72353897130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=136782277130" rel="nofollow">"Blog post"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=136782277130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=136782277130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Blog+post&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D136782277130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-400m-31"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-400m_31-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-ads/new-navigation-for-users-and-400-million-active-users-announcement/326050130129" rel="nofollow">"Announcement"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-ads/new-navigation-for-users-and-400-million-active-users-announcement/326050130129" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-ads/new-navigation-for-users-and-400-million-active-users-announcement/326050130129</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Announcement&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnotes%2Ffacebook-ads%2Fnew-navigation-for-users-and-400-million-active-users-announcement%2F326050130129&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Dempsey, Laura (2006-08-03). "Facebook is the go-to Web site for students looking to hook up". <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News" title="Dayton Daily News">Dayton Daily News</a></i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+is+the+go-to+Web+site+for+students+looking+to+hook+up&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BDayton+Daily+News%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Dempsey%2C+Laura&rft.au=Dempsey%2C+Laura&rft.date=2006-08-03&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Lerer, Lisa (2007-01-25). <a class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/security/2007/01/25/myspace-security-identity-tech-security-cx_ll_0124myspaceage.html" rel="nofollow">"Why MySpace Doesn't Card"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.forbes.com/security/2007/01/25/myspace-security-identity-tech-security-cx_ll_0124myspaceage.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.forbes.com/security/2007/01/25/myspace-security-identity-tech-security-cx_ll_0124myspaceage.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Why+MySpace+Doesn%27t+Card&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lerer%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Lerer%2C+Lisa&rft.date=2007-01-25&rft.pub=%5B%5BForbes%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsecurity%2F2007%2F01%2F25%2Fmyspace-security-identity-tech-security-cx_ll_0124myspaceage.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Lacy, Sarah (2006-09-12). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060912_682123.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_technology" rel="nofollow">"Facebook: Opening the Doors Wider"</a>. <i>BusinessWeek</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060912_682123.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_technology" rel="nofollow">http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060912_682123.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_technology</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook%3A+Opening+the+Doors+Wider&rft.atitle=BusinessWeek&rft.aulast=Lacy%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Lacy%2C+Sarah&rft.date=2006-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcontent%2Fsep2006%2Ftc20060912_682123.htm%3Fchan%3Dtop%2Bnews_top%2Bnews%2Bindex_technology&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-welcome-35">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-welcome_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-welcome_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Abram, Carolyn (2006-09-26). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2210227130" rel="nofollow">"Welcome to Facebook, everyone"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2210227130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2210227130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Facebook%2C+everyone&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Abram&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Abram%2C%26%2332%3BCarolyn&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D2210227130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tos-36"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-tos_36-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/terms.php" rel="nofollow">"Terms of Use"</a>. Facebook. 2007-11-15<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/terms.php" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/terms.php</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Terms+of+Use&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fterms.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MSPR1-37"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-MSPR1_37-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2007/oct07/10-24FacebookPR.mspx" rel="nofollow">"Facebook and Microsoft Expand Strategic Alliance"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 2007-10-24<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2007/oct07/10-24FacebookPR.mspx" rel="nofollow">http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2007/oct07/10-24FacebookPR.mspx</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-11-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+and+Microsoft+Expand+Strategic+Alliance&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-10-24&rft.pub=%5B%5BMicrosoft%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2FPresspass%2Fpress%2F2007%2Foct07%2F10-24FacebookPR.mspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BW-6Aug08-38"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-BW-6Aug08_38-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_33/b4096000952343.htm?chan=rss_topEmailedStories_ssi_5" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Stock For Sale"</a>. BusinessWeek<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_33/b4096000952343.htm?chan=rss_topEmailedStories_ssi_5" rel="nofollow">http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_33/b4096000952343.htm?chan=rss_topEmailedStories_ssi_5</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Stock+For+Sale&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=BusinessWeek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F08_33%2Fb4096000952343.htm%3Fchan%3Drss_topEmailedStories_ssi_5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=59042" rel="nofollow">"Press Releases"</a>. Facebook. 2008-11-30<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=59042" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=59042</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Press+Releases&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2008-11-30&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpress%2Freleases.php%3Fp%3D59042&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2009/09/16/tech-facebook-300-million-users.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook 'cash flow positive,' signs 300M users"</a>. Cbc.ca. 2009-09-16<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2009/09/16/tech-facebook-300-million-users.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2009/09/16/tech-facebook-300-million-users.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+%27cash+flow+positive%2C%27+signs+300M+users&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2009-09-16&rft.pub=Cbc.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Ftechnology%2Fstory%2F2009%2F09%2F16%2Ftech-facebook-300-million-users.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> Facebook Becomes Third Biggest US Web Company <a class="external free" href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/technology/facebook-becomes-third-biggest-us-web-company/406751" rel="nofollow">http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/technology/facebook-becomes-third-biggest-us-web-company/406751</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/google-groupon-deal" rel="nofollow">http://www.businessinsider.com/google-groupon-deal</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://weblogs.hitwise.com/heather-dougherty/2010/03/facebook_reaches_top_ranking_i.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Reaches Top Ranking in US"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://weblogs.hitwise.com/heather-dougherty/2010/03/facebook_reaches_top_ranking_i.html" rel="nofollow">http://weblogs.hitwise.com/heather-dougherty/2010/03/facebook_reaches_top_ranking_i.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Reaches+Top+Ranking+in+US&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweblogs.hitwise.com%2Fheather-dougherty%2F2010%2F03%2Ffacebook_reaches_top_ranking_i.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chinablock-44"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-chinablock_44-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/07/chinas-facebook-status-blocked.html" rel="nofollow">"China's Facebook Status: Blocked"</a>. ABC News. July 8, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/07/chinas-facebook-status-blocked.html" rel="nofollow">http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/07/chinas-facebook-status-blocked.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 13 July 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=China%27s+Facebook+Status%3A+Blocked&rft.atitle=&rft.date=July+8%2C+2009&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.abcnews.com%2Ftheworldnewser%2F2009%2F07%2Fchinas-facebook-status-blocked.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-benstocking-45"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-benstocking_45-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Ben Stocking (2009-11-17). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2009/11/17/international/i033256S37.DTL" rel="nofollow">"Vietnam Internet users fear Facebook blackout"</a>. <i>The San Francisco Chronicle</i>. Associated Press<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2009/11/17/international/i033256S37.DTL" rel="nofollow">http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2009/11/17/international/i033256S37.DTL</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-11-17</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vietnam+Internet+users+fear+Facebook+blackout&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.aulast=Ben+Stocking&rft.au=Ben+Stocking&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft.series=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fn%2Fa%2F2009%2F11%2F17%2Finternational%2Fi033256S37.DTL&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since October 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Shahi, Afshin. (July 27, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=15313" rel="nofollow">"Iran's Digital War"</a>. Daily News Egypt<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=15313" rel="nofollow">http://dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=15313</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Digital+War&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Shahi&rft.aufirst=Afshin.&rft.au=Shahi%2C%26%2332%3BAfshin.&rft.date=July+27%2C+2008&rft.pub=Daily+News+Egypt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailystaregypt.com%2Farticle.aspx%3FArticleID%3D15313&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(Russian)</span><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ferghana.ru/news.php?id=15794&mode=snews" rel="nofollow">"Uzbek authorities have blocked access to Facebook"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.ferghana.ru/news.php?id=15794&mode=snews" rel="nofollow">http://www.ferghana.ru/news.php?id=15794&mode=snews</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 October 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Uzbek+authorities+have+blocked+access+to+Facebook&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ferghana.ru%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D15794%26mode%3Dsnews&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Cooper, Charles (2010-05-19). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20005388-501465.html" rel="nofollow">"Pakistan Bans Facebook Over Muhammad Caricature Row – Tech Talk"</a>. CBS News<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20005388-501465.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20005388-501465.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Bans+Facebook+Over+Muhammad+Caricature+Row%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Cooper%2C%26%2332%3BCharles&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2F8301-501465_162-20005388-501465.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792330" rel="nofollow">"Red lines that cannot be crossed"</a>. The Economist. July 24, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792330" rel="nofollow">http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792330</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 17, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Red+lines+that+cannot+be+crossed&rft.atitle=&rft.date=July+24%2C+2008&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Fmideast-africa%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D11792330&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-reviewz-50"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-reviewz_50-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Ben Escurado (2010-11-14). <a class="external text" href="http://techviewz.org/2010/11/saudi-arabia-blocks-facebook.html" rel="nofollow">"Saudi Arabia blocks Facebook"</a>. TechViewz.Org<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://techviewz.org/2010/11/saudi-arabia-blocks-facebook.html" rel="nofollow">http://techviewz.org/2010/11/saudi-arabia-blocks-facebook.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-11-16</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+blocks+Facebook&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ben+Escurado&rft.au=Ben+Escurado&rft.date=2010-11-14&rft.pub=TechViewz.Org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechviewz.org%2F2010%2F11%2Fsaudi-arabia-blocks-facebook.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Benzie, Robert (May 3, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com/News/article/210014" rel="nofollow">"Facebook banned for Ontario staffers"</a>. Toronto: TheStar.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.thestar.com/News/article/210014" rel="nofollow">http://www.thestar.com/News/article/210014</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+banned+for+Ontario+staffers&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Benzie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Benzie%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=May+3%2C+2007&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=TheStar.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2FNews%2Farticle%2F210014&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Stone, Brad (April 7, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/07/facebook-to-settle-thorny-lawsuit-over-its-origins/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook to Settle Thorny Lawsuit Over Its Origins"</a>. The New York Times (blog)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/07/facebook-to-settle-thorny-lawsuit-over-its-origins/" rel="nofollow">http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/07/facebook-to-settle-thorny-lawsuit-over-its-origins/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 5, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+to+Settle+Thorny+Lawsuit+Over+Its+Origins&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft.au=Stone%2C%26%2332%3BBrad&rft.date=April+7%2C+2008&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+%28blog%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F07%2Ffacebook-to-settle-thorny-lawsuit-over-its-origins%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/faq.php#Facebook+Ads" rel="nofollow">"Product Overview FAQ: Facebook Ads"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/faq.php#Facebook+Ads" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/press/faq.php#Facebook+Ads</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Product+Overview+FAQ%3A+Facebook+Ads&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpress%2Ffaq.php%23Facebook%2BAds&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since August 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Story, Louise (2008-03-10). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html" rel="nofollow">"To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=To+Aim+Ads%2C+Web+Is+Keeping+Closer+Eye+on+You&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Story%2C+Louise&rft.au=Story%2C+Louise&rft.date=2008-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F10%2Ftechnology%2F10privacy.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-revealed-55">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-revealed_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-revealed_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web">Cluley, Graham (February 1, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sophos.com/blogs/gc/g/2010/02/01/revealed-social-networks-pose-biggest-risk/" rel="nofollow">"Revealed: Which social networks pose the biggest risk?"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sophos.com/blogs/gc/g/2010/02/01/revealed-social-networks-pose-biggest-risk/" rel="nofollow">http://www.sophos.com/blogs/gc/g/2010/02/01/revealed-social-networks-pose-biggest-risk/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 12, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Revealed%3A+Which+social+networks+pose+the+biggest+risk%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cluley&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Cluley%2C%26%2332%3BGraham&rft.date=February+1%2C+2010&rft.pub=%5B%5BSophos%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fblogs%2Fgc%2Fg%2F2010%2F02%2F01%2Frevealed-social-networks-pose-biggest-risk%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2007/tc20071128_366355_page_2.htm" rel="nofollow">"Facebook May Revamp Beacon"</a>. <i>BusinessWeek</i>. 2007-11-28<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2007/tc20071128_366355_page_2.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2007/tc20071128_366355_page_2.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+May+Revamp+Beacon&rft.atitle=BusinessWeek&rft.date=2007-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcontent%2Fnov2007%2Ftc20071128_366355_page_2.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.accuracast.com/seo-weekly/adwords-clickthrough.php" rel="nofollow">"Google AdWords Click Through Rates Per Position"</a>. AccuraCast. 2009-10-09<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.accuracast.com/seo-weekly/adwords-clickthrough.php" rel="nofollow">http://www.accuracast.com/seo-weekly/adwords-clickthrough.php</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Google+AdWords+Click+Through+Rates+Per+Position&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft.pub=AccuraCast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accuracast.com%2Fseo-weekly%2Fadwords-clickthrough.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Denton, Nick (2007-03-07). <a class="external text" href="http://valleywag.gawker.com/242234/facebook-consistently-the-worst-performing-site" rel="nofollow">"Facebook 'consistently the worst performing site'"</a>. Gawker<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://valleywag.gawker.com/242234/facebook-consistently-the-worst-performing-site" rel="nofollow">http://valleywag.gawker.com/242234/facebook-consistently-the-worst-performing-site</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+%27consistently+the+worst+performing+site%27&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Denton%2C+Nick&rft.au=Denton%2C+Nick&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft.pub=Gawker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvalleywag.gawker.com%2F242234%2Ffacebook-consistently-the-worst-performing-site&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://techpulse360.com/2009/08/12/facebook-says-its-click-through-rates-do-not-match-those-at-google/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Says Click Through Rates Do Not Match Those At Google"</a>. TechPulse 360. 2009-08-12<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://techpulse360.com/2009/08/12/facebook-says-its-click-through-rates-do-not-match-those-at-google/" rel="nofollow">http://techpulse360.com/2009/08/12/facebook-says-its-click-through-rates-do-not-match-those-at-google/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Says+Click+Through+Rates+Do+Not+Match+Those+At+Google&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft.pub=TechPulse+360&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechpulse360.com%2F2009%2F08%2F12%2Ffacebook-says-its-click-through-rates-do-not-match-those-at-google%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Leggatt, Helen (2007-07-16). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bizreport.com/2007/07/advertisers_disappointed_with_facebooks_ctr.html" rel="nofollow">"Advertisers disappointed with Facebook's CTR"</a>. BizReport<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.bizreport.com/2007/07/advertisers_disappointed_with_facebooks_ctr.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.bizreport.com/2007/07/advertisers_disappointed_with_facebooks_ctr.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Advertisers+disappointed+with+Facebook%27s+CTR&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Leggatt%2C+Helen&rft.au=Leggatt%2C+Helen&rft.date=2007-07-16&rft.pub=BizReport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizreport.com%2F2007%2F07%2Fadvertisers_disappointed_with_facebooks_ctr.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-goes-beyond-61"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-goes-beyond_61-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Arrington, Michael (2006-04-26). <a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2006/04/26/facebook-goes-beyond-college-high-school-markets/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Goes Beyond College, High School Markets"</a>. TechCrunch<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://techcrunch.com/2006/04/26/facebook-goes-beyond-college-high-school-markets/" rel="nofollow">http://techcrunch.com/2006/04/26/facebook-goes-beyond-college-high-school-markets/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Goes+Beyond+College%2C+High+School+Markets&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Arrington%2C+Michael&rft.au=Arrington%2C+Michael&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft.pub=TechCrunch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2006%2F04%2F26%2Ffacebook-goes-beyond-college-high-school-markets%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-finances-leaked-62"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-finances-leaked_62-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Schonfeld, Erick (2008-01-31). <a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2008/01/31/facebook-finances-leaked/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Finances Leaked"</a>. TechCrunch<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://techcrunch.com/2008/01/31/facebook-finances-leaked/" rel="nofollow">http://techcrunch.com/2008/01/31/facebook-finances-leaked/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Finances+Leaked&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Schonfeld%2C+Erick&rft.au=Schonfeld%2C+Erick&rft.date=2008-01-31&rft.pub=TechCrunch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2008%2F01%2F31%2Ffacebook-finances-leaked%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-turns-down-63"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-turns-down_63-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Arrington, Michael (2009-05-19). <a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2009/05/19/facebook-turns-down-8-billion-valuation-term-sheet-claims-2009-revenues-to-be-550-million/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Turns Down $8 billion Valuation Term Sheet, Claims 2009 Revenues Will Be $550 million"</a>. TechCrunch<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://techcrunch.com/2009/05/19/facebook-turns-down-8-billion-valuation-term-sheet-claims-2009-revenues-to-be-550-million/" rel="nofollow">http://techcrunch.com/2009/05/19/facebook-turns-down-8-billion-valuation-term-sheet-claims-2009-revenues-to-be-550-million/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Turns+Down+%248+billion+Valuation+Term+Sheet%2C+Claims+2009+Revenues+Will+Be+%24550+million&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Arrington%2C+Michael&rft.au=Arrington%2C+Michael&rft.date=2009-05-19&rft.pub=TechCrunch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2009%2F05%2F19%2Ffacebook-turns-down-8-billion-valuation-term-sheet-claims-2009-revenues-to-be-550-million%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-not-off-65"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-not-off_65-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Kincaid, Jason (2010-06-22). <a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/22/facebook-revenues/" rel="nofollow">"Zuckerberg: Facebook Revenue Estimates Of $1.1 Billion “Not So Far Off..”"</a>. TechCrunch<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/22/facebook-revenues/" rel="nofollow">http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/22/facebook-revenues/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Zuckerberg%3A+Facebook+Revenue+Estimates+Of+%241.1+Billion+%E2%80%9CNot+So+Far+Off..%E2%80%9D&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kincaid%2C+Jason&rft.au=Kincaid%2C+Jason&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft.pub=TechCrunch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2010%2F06%2F22%2Ffacebook-revenues%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Klaassen, Abbey (2009-08-13). <a class="external text" href="http://adage.com/digitalnext/post?article_id=138442" rel="nofollow">"Facebook's Click-Through Rates Flourish ... for Wall Posts"</a>. <i>AdAge</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://adage.com/digitalnext/post?article_id=138442" rel="nofollow">http://adage.com/digitalnext/post?article_id=138442</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook%27s+Click-Through+Rates+Flourish+...+for+Wall+Posts&rft.atitle=AdAge&rft.aulast=Klaassen%2C+Abbey&rft.au=Klaassen%2C+Abbey&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadage.com%2Fdigitalnext%2Fpost%3Farticle_id%3D138442&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/07/prweb1162804.htm" rel="nofollow">"Involver Delivers Over 10x the Typical Click-Through Rate for Facebook Ad Campaigns"</a>. Press release. 2008-07-31<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/07/prweb1162804.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/07/prweb1162804.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Involver+Delivers+Over+10x+the+Typical+Click-Through+Rate+for+Facebook+Ad+Campaigns&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft.pub=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prweb.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F07%2Fprweb1162804.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Walsh, Mark (2010-06-15). <a class="external text" href="http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa=Articles.showArticle&art_aid=130217" rel="nofollow">"Study: Video Ads On Facebook More Engaging Than Outside Sites"</a>. <i>MediaPost</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa=Articles.showArticle&art_aid=130217" rel="nofollow">http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa=Articles.showArticle&art_aid=130217</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Study%3A+Video+Ads+On+Facebook+More+Engaging+Than+Outside+Sites&rft.atitle=MediaPost&rft.aulast=Walsh%2C+Mark&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Mark&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediapost.com%2Fpublications%2F%3Ffa%3DArticles.showArticle%26art_aid%3D130217&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?factsheet" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Factsheet"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?factsheet" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?factsheet</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 21, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Factsheet&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpress%2Finfo.php%3Ffactsheet&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/10/04/facebooks-friend-in-russia/?source=cnn_bin&hpt=Sbin" rel="nofollow">"Facebook's friend in Russia"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 2010-10-04<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/10/04/facebooks-friend-in-russia/?source=cnn_bin&hpt=Sbin" rel="nofollow">http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/10/04/facebooks-friend-in-russia/?source=cnn_bin&hpt=Sbin</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook%27s+friend+in+Russia&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.date=2010-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.fortune.cnn.com%2F2010%2F10%2F04%2Ffacebooks-friend-in-russia%2F%3Fsource%3Dcnn_bin%26hpt%3DSbin&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">David Kirkpatrick. <i>The Facebook Effect</i>. p. 322. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1439102112" title="Special:BookSources/1439102112">1439102112</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facebook+Effect&rft.aulast=David+Kirkpatrick&rft.au=David+Kirkpatrick&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B322&rft.isbn=1439102112&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">McCarthy, Caroline (May 11, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-9941488-36.html" rel="nofollow">"As Facebook goes corporate, Mark Zuckerberg loses an early player"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET.com" title="CNET.com">CNET.com</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-9941488-36.html" rel="nofollow">http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-9941488-36.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 12, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=As+Facebook+goes+corporate%2C+Mark+Zuckerberg+loses+an+early+player&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=McCarthy%2C%26%2332%3BCaroline&rft.date=May+11%2C+2008&rft.pub=%5B%5BCNET.com%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-13577_3-9941488-36.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080227212605/http://www.facebook.com/sitetour/profile.php" rel="nofollow">"Edit Your Profile"</a>. Facebook. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/sitetour/profile.php" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 2008-02-27<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080227212605/http://www.facebook.com/sitetour/profile.php" rel="nofollow">http://web.archive.org/web/20080227212605/http://www.facebook.com/sitetour/profile.php</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Edit+Your+Profile&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080227212605%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fsitetour%2Fprofile.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/privacy/?view=search" rel="nofollow">"Search Privacy"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/privacy/?view=search" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/privacy/?view=search</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-06-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Search+Privacy&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fprivacy%2F%3Fview%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tc-75"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-tc_75-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Barton, Zoe (2006-04-28). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080526001748/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9588_22-6066533.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook goes corporate"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDNet" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9588_22-6066533.html" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on May 26, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080526001748/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9588_22-6066533.html" rel="nofollow">http://web.archive.org/web/20080526001748/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9588_22-6066533.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+goes+corporate&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Barton%2C+Zoe&rft.au=Barton%2C+Zoe&rft.date=2006-04-28&rft.pub=%5B%5BZDNet%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080526001748%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fnews.zdnet.com%2F2100-9588_22-6066533.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Choose_Your_Privacy_Settings-76"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-Choose_Your_Privacy_Settings_76-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/settings/?tab=privacy" rel="nofollow">"Choose Your Privacy Settings"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/settings/?tab=privacy" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/settings/?tab=privacy</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Choose+Your+Privacy+Settings&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fsettings%2F%3Ftab%3Dprivacy&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-77">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Stone, Brad (2007-05-25). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/25/technology/25social.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Expands Into MySpace’s Territory"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/25/technology/25social.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/25/technology/25social.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+Expands+Into+MySpace%E2%80%99s+Territory&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Stone%2C+Brad&rft.au=Stone%2C+Brad&rft.date=2007-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F25%2Ftechnology%2F25social.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-78">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Ciccone, David (2009-05-07). <a class="external text" href="http://mobilitytoday.com/news/009500/facebook_connect_mt" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Connect fully integrated into Mobility Today"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://mobilitytoday.com/news/009500/facebook_connect_mt" rel="nofollow">http://mobilitytoday.com/news/009500/facebook_connect_mt</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Connect+fully+integrated+into+Mobility+Today&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ciccone%2C+David&rft.au=Ciccone%2C+David&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmobilitytoday.com%2Fnews%2F009500%2Ffacebook_connect_mt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-79">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Sullivan, Mark (2007-07-24). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,134635-c,categories/article.html" rel="nofollow">"Is Facebook the New MySpace?"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World_%28magazine%29" title="PC World (magazine)">PC World</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,134635-c,categories/article.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,134635-c,categories/article.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-04-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Is+Facebook+the+New+MySpace%3F&rft.atitle=%5B%5BPC+World+%28magazine%29%7CPC+World%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Sullivan%2C+Mark&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Mark&rft.date=2007-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2Fid%2C134635-c%2Ccategories%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-off-80">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-off_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-off_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web">Der, Kevin. <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=3532972130" rel="nofollow">"Facebook is off-the-wall"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=3532972130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=3532972130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+is+off-the-wall&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Der&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Der%2C%26%2332%3BKevin&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D3532972130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-81">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=20" rel="nofollow">"Inbox, Messages and Pokes"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=20" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=20</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Inbox%2C+Messages+and+Pokes&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fhelp.php%3Fpage%3D20&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-gifts-82"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-gifts_82-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2406207130" rel="nofollow">"The Facebook Gifts"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2406207130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2406207130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Facebook+Gifts&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D2406207130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-83">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Ramadge, Andrew (2007-11-26). <a class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,25642,22822400-5014108,00.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook is ... reconsidering the word "is""</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Limited" title="News Limited">News Limited</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,25642,22822400-5014108,00.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,25642,22822400-5014108,00.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+is+...+reconsidering+the+word+%22is%22&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ramadge&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Ramadge%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft.date=2007-11-26&rft.pub=%5B%5BNews+Limited%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ftechnology%2Fstory%2F0%2C25642%2C22822400-5014108%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Sanghvi, Ruchi (2006-09-06). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2207967130" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Gets a Facelift"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2207967130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2207967130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-02-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Gets+a+Facelift&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Sanghvi&rft.aufirst=Ruchi&rft.au=Sanghvi%2C%26%2332%3BRuchi&rft.date=2006-09-06&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D2207967130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.colnect.com/2010/03/facebook-celebrate-your-birthday-every.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook: Celebrate Your Birthday Every Day"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.colnect.com/2010/03/facebook-celebrate-your-birthday-every.html" rel="nofollow">http://blog.colnect.com/2010/03/facebook-celebrate-your-birthday-every.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook%3A+Celebrate+Your+Birthday+Every+Day&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.colnect.com%2F2010%2F03%2Ffacebook-celebrate-your-birthday-every.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-86">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Lacy" title="Sarah Lacy">Lacy, Sarah</a> (2006-09-08). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060908_536553.htm?campaign_id=rss_tech" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Learns from Its Fumble"</a>. BusinessWeek<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060908_536553.htm?campaign_id=rss_tech" rel="nofollow">http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060908_536553.htm?campaign_id=rss_tech</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Learns+from+Its+Fumble&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%5B%5BSarah+Lacy%7CLacy%2C+Sarah%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BSarah+Lacy%7CLacy%2C+Sarah%5D%5D&rft.date=2006-09-08&rft.pub=BusinessWeek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcontent%2Fsep2006%2Ftc20060908_536553.htm%3Fcampaign_id%3Drss_tech&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Gonsalves, Antone (2006-09-08). <a class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/ebusiness/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=192700574" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Founder Apologizes In Privacy Flap; Users Given More Control"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/ebusiness/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=192700574" rel="nofollow">http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/ebusiness/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=192700574</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Founder+Apologizes+In+Privacy+Flap%3B+Users+Given+More+Control&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Gonsalves%2C+Antone&rft.au=Gonsalves%2C+Antone&rft.date=2006-09-08&rft.pub=%5B%5BInformationWeek%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fnews%2Finternet%2Febusiness%2FshowArticle.jhtml%3FarticleID%3D192700574&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://themelis-cuiper.com/22/us-patent-no-7669123.html" rel="nofollow">"US Patent No. 7669123"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://themelis-cuiper.com/22/us-patent-no-7669123.html" rel="nofollow">http://themelis-cuiper.com/22/us-patent-no-7669123.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=US+Patent+No.+7669123&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemelis-cuiper.com%2F22%2Fus-patent-no-7669123.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/02/26/facebook.patent/index.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook's news-feed patent could mean lawsuits"</a>. CNN. Retrieved July 12, 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Arrington" title="Michael Arrington">Arrington, Michael</a> (2007-05-24). <a class="external text" href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/05/24/facebook-launches-facebook-platform-they-are-the-anti-myspace/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Launches Facebook Platform; They are the Anti-MySpace"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/05/24/facebook-launches-facebook-platform-they-are-the-anti-myspace/" rel="nofollow">http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/05/24/facebook-launches-facebook-platform-they-are-the-anti-myspace/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Launches+Facebook+Platform%3B+They+are+the+Anti-MySpace&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%5B%5BMichael+Arrington%7CArrington%2C+Michael%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BMichael+Arrington%7CArrington%2C+Michael%5D%5D&rft.date=2007-05-24&rft.pub=%5B%5BTechCrunch%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techcrunch.com%2F2007%2F05%2F24%2Ffacebook-launches-facebook-platform-they-are-the-anti-myspace%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=87157517130" rel="nofollow">"Share More Memories with Larger Photo Albums"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=87157517130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=87157517130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-01-04</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Share+More+Memories+with+Larger+Photo+Albums&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D87157517130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-92">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2305272732&topic=7363" rel="nofollow">"Upload: 60 or 200 photos in the same album?"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2305272732&topic=7363" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2305272732&topic=7363</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Upload%3A+60+or+200+photos+in+the+same+album%3F&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Ftopic.php%3Fuid%3D2305272732%26topic%3D7363&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-93">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2305272732&topic=4947" rel="nofollow">"How can I add more than 60 photos to an album?"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2305272732&topic=4947" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2305272732&topic=4947</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+can+I+add+more+than+60+photos+to+an+album%3F&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Ftopic.php%3Fuid%3D2305272732%26topic%3D4947&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=2003726&l=5f3c8&id=1352160452" rel="nofollow">"Example of album from a regular user with a 200-photo limit"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=2003726&l=5f3c8&id=1352160452" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=2003726&l=5f3c8&id=1352160452</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Example+of+album+from+a+regular+user+with+a+200-photo+limit&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Falbum.php%3Faid%3D2003726%26l%3D5f3c8%26id%3D1352160452&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-95">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=7" rel="nofollow">"Photos"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=7" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=7</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Photos&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fhelp.php%3Fpage%3D7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-96">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Eugene (2008-05-14). <a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=14218138919&id=9445547199&index=0" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Chat"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=14218138919&id=9445547199&index=0" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=14218138919&id=9445547199&index=0</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-06-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Chat&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Eugene&rft.au=Eugene&rft.date=2008-05-14&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnote.php%3Fnote_id%3D14218138919%26id%3D9445547199%26index%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-97">^</a></b> <span class="citation press release">Facebook (2008-04-06). <a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=27681" rel="nofollow">"April 6, 2008 Press Release"</a>. Press release<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=27681" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/press/releases.php?p=27681</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-04-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=April+6%2C+2008+Press+Release&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Facebook&rft.au=Facebook&rft.date=2008-04-06&rft.series=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpress%2Freleases.php%3Fp%3D27681&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-98">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2234372130" rel="nofollow">"Give gifts on Facebook!"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2234372130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2234372130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Give+gifts+on+Facebook%21&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D2234372130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-99">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=16" rel="nofollow">"Gifts"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=16" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=16</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Gifts&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fhelp.php%3Fpage%3D16&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-100">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2383962130" rel="nofollow">"The Marketplace Is Open..."</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2383962130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2383962130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Marketplace+Is+Open...&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D2383962130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-101">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">McCarthy, Caroline (2007-05-13). <a class="external text" href="http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-9718779-7.html" rel="nofollow">"Hands-on with Facebook Marketplace"</a>. CNET<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-9718779-7.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-9718779-7.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hands-on+with+Facebook+Marketplace&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=McCarthy%2C+Caroline&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Caroline&rft.date=2007-05-13&rft.pub=CNET&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com%2F8301-10784_3-9718779-7.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-102">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/idg/IDG_852573C4006938800025748D0064C292.html?ref=technology" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Facelift Targets Aging Users and New Competitors"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 21, 2008.</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-103">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.new.facebook.com/blog.php?post=30074837130" rel="nofollow">"Moving to the new Facebook"</a>. Facebook<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.new.facebook.com/blog.php?post=30074837130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.new.facebook.com/blog.php?post=30074837130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-09-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Moving+to+the+new+Facebook&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.new.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D30074837130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-104">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/12/11/facebook-testing-even-simpler-sign-up-closing-the-gap-with-myspace-in-the-us/" rel="nofollow">Facebook Testing Even Simpler Sign Up; Closing The Gap With MySpace In The U.S.</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>. Published December 11, 2008.</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-105">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">DiPersia, Blaise (2009-06-09). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=90316352130" rel="nofollow">"Coming Soon: Facebook Usernames"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=90316352130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=90316352130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-06-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Coming+Soon%3A+Facebook+Usernames&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=DiPersia%2C+Blaise&rft.au=DiPersia%2C+Blaise&rft.date=2009-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D90316352130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-106">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Gabbatt, Adam; Arthur, Charles (2010-11-15). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/nov/15/facebook-mail-gmail-killer-email" rel="nofollow">"Facebook mail: it might kill Gmail, but 'it's not email'"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/nov/15/facebook-mail-gmail-killer-email" rel="nofollow">http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/nov/15/facebook-mail-gmail-killer-email</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+mail%3A+it+might+kill+Gmail%2C+but+%27it%27s+not+email%27&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Gabbatt&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Gabbatt%2C%26%2332%3BAdam&rft.au=Arthur%2C%26%2332%3BCharles&rft.date=2010-11-15&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2010%2Fnov%2F15%2Ffacebook-mail-gmail-killer-email&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-107">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_16619072" rel="nofollow">Facebook launches new messaging system – San Jose Mercury News</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-108">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Techtree News Staff (2008-08-13). <a class="external text" href="http://www.techtree.com/India/News/Facebook_Largest_Fastest_Growing_Social_Network/551-92134-643.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook: Largest, Fastest Growing Social Network"</a>. <i>Techtree.com</i>. ITNation<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.techtree.com/India/News/Facebook_Largest_Fastest_Growing_Social_Network/551-92134-643.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.techtree.com/India/News/Facebook_Largest_Fastest_Growing_Social_Network/551-92134-643.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook%3A+Largest%2C+Fastest+Growing+Social+Network&rft.atitle=Techtree.com&rft.aulast=Techtree+News+Staff&rft.au=Techtree+News+Staff&rft.date=2008-08-13&rft.pub=ITNation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techtree.com%2FIndia%2FNews%2FFacebook_Largest_Fastest_Growing_Social_Network%2F551-92134-643.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-109">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/07/privacy-facebook-visitors/" rel="nofollow">"Privacy, Schmivacy: Facebook Is Attracting Near-Record Numbers Of New Visitors"</a>. TechCrunch. 2010-06-07<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/07/privacy-facebook-visitors/" rel="nofollow">http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/07/privacy-facebook-visitors/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Privacy%2C+Schmivacy%3A+Facebook+Is+Attracting+Near-Record+Numbers+Of+New+Visitors&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2010-06-07&rft.pub=TechCrunch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2010%2F06%2F07%2Fprivacy-facebook-visitors%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-alexatrafficrank-110"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-alexatrafficrank_110-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details/facebook.com?q=facebook" rel="nofollow">"Related info for: facebook.com/"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details/facebook.com?q=facebook" rel="nofollow">http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details/facebook.com?q=facebook</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Related+info+for%3A+facebook.com%2F&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BAlexa+Internet%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fdata%2Fdetails%2Ftraffic_details%2Ffacebook.com%3Fq%3Dfacebook&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-111">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.quantcast.com/facebook.com" rel="nofollow">"Facebook.com Web Site Audience Profile"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantcast" title="Quantcast">Quantcast</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.quantcast.com/facebook.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.quantcast.com/facebook.com</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook.com+Web+Site+Audience+Profile&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BQuantcast%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantcast.com%2Ffacebook.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-112">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://blog.compete.com/2010/02/17/we%E2%80%99re-number-two-facebook-moves-up-one-big-spot-in-the-charts/" rel="nofollow">"We’re Number Two! Facebook moves up one big spot in the charts"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compete.com" title="Compete.com">Compete.com</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.compete.com/2010/02/17/we%E2%80%99re-number-two-facebook-moves-up-one-big-spot-in-the-charts/" rel="nofollow">http://blog.compete.com/2010/02/17/we%E2%80%99re-number-two-facebook-moves-up-one-big-spot-in-the-charts/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=We%E2%80%99re+Number+Two%21+Facebook+moves+up+one+big+spot+in+the+charts&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BCompete.com%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.compete.com%2F2010%2F02%2F17%2Fwe%25E2%2580%2599re-number-two-facebook-moves-up-one-big-spot-in-the-charts%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-113">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">McGrath, Kristin (2010-07-22). <a class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2010-07-21-facebook-hits-500-million-users_N.htm" rel="nofollow">"Status update: Facebook logs 500 million members"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2010-07-21-facebook-hits-500-million-users_N.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2010-07-21-facebook-hits-500-million-users_N.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Status+update%3A+Facebook+logs+500+million+members&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.aulast=McGrath%2C+Kristin&rft.au=McGrath%2C+Kristin&rft.date=2010-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fnews%2F2010-07-21-facebook-hits-500-million-users_N.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-canada-114"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-canada_114-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Yum, Kenny (2007-05-18). <a class="external text" href="http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/posted/archive/2007/05/18/facebook-says-thanks-canada.aspx" rel="nofollow">"Facebook says 'Thanks, Canada'"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/posted/archive/2007/05/18/facebook-says-thanks-canada.aspx" rel="nofollow">http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/posted/archive/2007/05/18/facebook-says-thanks-canada.aspx</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-04-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+says+%27Thanks%2C+Canada%27&rft.atitle=%5B%5BNational+Post%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Yum%2C+Kenny&rft.au=Yum%2C+Kenny&rft.date=2007-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnetwork.nationalpost.com%2Fnp%2Fblogs%2Fposted%2Farchive%2F2007%2F05%2F18%2Ffacebook-says-thanks-canada.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-uk-115"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-uk_115-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Malkin, Bonnie (2007-09-26). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/25/nface125.xml" rel="nofollow">"Facebook is UK's biggest networking site"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> (London)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/25/nface125.xml" rel="nofollow">http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/25/nface125.xml</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-04-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+is+UK%27s+biggest+networking+site&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Daily+Telegraph%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Malkin%2C+Bonnie&rft.au=Malkin%2C+Bonnie&rft.date=2007-09-26&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F25%2Fnface125.xml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-116">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Caverly, Doug (16 June 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2009/06/16/comscore-facebook-catches-myspace-in-us" rel="nofollow">"comScore: Facebook Catches MySpace in U.S."</a>. <i>WebProNews</i>. iEntry Network<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2009/06/16/comscore-facebook-catches-myspace-in-us" rel="nofollow">http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2009/06/16/comscore-facebook-catches-myspace-in-us</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 September 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=comScore%3A+Facebook+Catches+MySpace+in+U.S.&rft.atitle=WebProNews&rft.aulast=Caverly&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft.au=Caverly%2C%26%2332%3BDoug&rft.date=16+June+2009&rft.pub=iEntry+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webpronews.com%2Ftopnews%2F2009%2F06%2F16%2Fcomscore-facebook-catches-myspace-in-us&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-117">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://atlanta.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2009/06/15/daily47.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook grows as MySpace cuts back"</a>. <i>Atlanta Business Chronicle</i>. 17 June 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://atlanta.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2009/06/15/daily47.html" rel="nofollow">http://atlanta.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2009/06/15/daily47.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 September 2009</span>. "The Conference Board report on first quarter online users in the U.S. showed Facebook with an even larger lead, with 78 percent of social network participants, followed by MySpace (42 percent), LinkedIn (17 percent) and Twitter (10 percent)."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+grows+as+MySpace+cuts+back&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+Business+Chronicle&rft.date=17+June+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlanta.bizjournals.com%2Fatlanta%2Fstories%2F2009%2F06%2F15%2Fdaily47.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-webby-122"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-webby_122-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php?season=12" rel="nofollow">"12th Annual Webby Awards Nominees"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Digital_Arts_and_Sciences" title="International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences">International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php?season=12" rel="nofollow">http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php?season=12</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-05-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=12th+Annual+Webby+Awards+Nominees&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BInternational+Academy+of+Digital+Arts+and+Sciences%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webbyawards.com%2Fwebbys%2Fcurrent.php%3Fseason%3D12&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-123">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,198632,00.html" rel="nofollow">"Survey: College Kids Like IPods Better Than Beer"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 2006-06-08<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,198632,00.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,198632,00.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Survey%3A+College+Kids+Like+IPods+Better+Than+Beer&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2006-06-08&rft.pub=%5B%5BFox+News%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C198632%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-124">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Kincaid, Jason (2010-01-08). <a class="external text" href="http://techcrunch.com/2010/01/08/crunchies-winner/" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Takes Best Overall For The Hat Trick"</a>. Techcrunch.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://techcrunch.com/2010/01/08/crunchies-winner/" rel="nofollow">http://techcrunch.com/2010/01/08/crunchies-winner/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Takes+Best+Overall+For+The+Hat+Trick&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Kincaid%2C%26%2332%3BJason&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft.pub=Techcrunch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2010%2F01%2F08%2Fcrunchies-winner%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-125">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.lead411.com/silicon-valley-companies.html" rel="nofollow">"Lead411 launches "Hottest Silicon Valley Companies" awards"</a>. Lead411.com. 2010-05-25<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.lead411.com/silicon-valley-companies.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.lead411.com/silicon-valley-companies.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lead411+launches+%22Hottest+Silicon+Valley+Companies%22+awards&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft.pub=Lead411.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lead411.com%2Fsilicon-valley-companies.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-126">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Fowler, Geoffrey A. (2010-07-20). <a class="external text" href="http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2010/07/20/users-rate-facebook-slightly-above-the-tax-man/" rel="nofollow">"Users Rate Facebook Slightly Above the Tax Man"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2010/07/20/users-rate-facebook-slightly-above-the-tax-man/" rel="nofollow">http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2010/07/20/users-rate-facebook-slightly-above-the-tax-man/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Users+Rate+Facebook+Slightly+Above+the+Tax+Man&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Fowler%2C+Geoffrey+A.&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Geoffrey+A.&rft.date=2010-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fdigits%2F2010%2F07%2F20%2Fusers-rate-facebook-slightly-above-the-tax-man%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-127">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Towell, Noel (2009-06-15). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/12/16/1229189579001.html" rel="nofollow">"The Age article on the world's first court documents to be served via Facebook"</a>. Melbourne: Theage.com.au<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/12/16/1229189579001.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/12/16/1229189579001.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Age+article+on+the+world%27s+first+court+documents+to+be+served+via+Facebook&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Towell&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft.au=Towell%2C%26%2332%3BNoel&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Theage.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2008%2F12%2F16%2F1229189579001.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-128">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/web/kiwis-follow-australian-facebook-precedent/2009/03/16/1237054723620.html" rel="nofollow">The Age article on NZ also using Facebook to issue court orders</a>; <a class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20090405104820309C778226&newslett=1&em=197599a6a20090405ah" rel="nofollow">"Facebook trap criminals in its web"</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-129">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Jason Cochran (November 6, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.walletpop.com/blog/2008/11/06/watch-out-bosses-are-saving-money-by-firing-employees-over-face/" rel="nofollow">"DWatch out! Bosses are saving money by firing employees over Facebook posts"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.walletpop.com/blog/2008/11/06/watch-out-bosses-are-saving-money-by-firing-employees-over-face/" rel="nofollow">http://www.walletpop.com/blog/2008/11/06/watch-out-bosses-are-saving-money-by-firing-employees-over-face/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 6, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=DWatch+out%21+Bosses+are+saving+money+by+firing+employees+over+Facebook+posts&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Jason+Cochran&rft.au=Jason+Cochran&rft.date=November+6%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walletpop.com%2Fblog%2F2008%2F11%2F06%2Fwatch-out-bosses-are-saving-money-by-firing-employees-over-face%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-130">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Soraya Nadia McDonald (July 4, 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20050704&slug=btfacebook04" rel="nofollow">"Facebooking, the rage on college campuses"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20050704&slug=btfacebook04" rel="nofollow">http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20050704&slug=btfacebook04</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 14, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebooking%2C+the+rage+on+college+campuses&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.aulast=Soraya+Nadia+McDonald&rft.au=Soraya+Nadia+McDonald&rft.date=July+4%2C+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.seattletimes.nwsource.com%2Farchive%2F%3Fdate%3D20050704%26slug%3Dbtfacebook04&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-131">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">December 21, 2007 Kristen Nicole View commentsComments (2007-12-21). <a class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2007/12/21/facebook-noun-verb-collins-english-dictionary/" rel="nofollow">"Mashable.com"</a>. Mashable.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://mashable.com/2007/12/21/facebook-noun-verb-collins-english-dictionary/" rel="nofollow">http://mashable.com/2007/12/21/facebook-noun-verb-collins-english-dictionary/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mashable.com&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=December+21%2C+2007+Kristen+Nicole+View+commentsComments&rft.au=December+21%2C+2007+Kristen+Nicole+View+commentsComments&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft.pub=Mashable.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2007%2F12%2F21%2Ffacebook-noun-verb-collins-english-dictionary%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-133">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Norimitshu Onishi (April 19, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/world/asia/20indonet.html?ref=asia" rel="nofollow">"Debate on Internet’s Limits Grows in Indonesia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/world/asia/20indonet.html?ref=asia" rel="nofollow">http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/world/asia/20indonet.html?ref=asia</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 19, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Debate+on+Internet%E2%80%99s+Limits+Grows+in+Indonesia&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Norimitshu+Onishi&rft.au=Norimitshu+Onishi&rft.date=April+19%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F20%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F20indonet.html%3Fref%3Dasia&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-134">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://heydiaspora.com/acfta-it-certainly-sounds-better-without-the-c-doesnt-it/" rel="nofollow">"ACFTA: It Certainly Sounds Better Without the ‘C’, Doesn’t It? | Hey Diaspora! – For Misplaced and Displaced Indonesians"</a>. Hey Diaspora!<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://heydiaspora.com/acfta-it-certainly-sounds-better-without-the-c-doesnt-it/" rel="nofollow">http://heydiaspora.com/acfta-it-certainly-sounds-better-without-the-c-doesnt-it/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-11-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ACFTA%3A+It+Certainly+Sounds+Better+Without+the+%E2%80%98C%E2%80%99%2C+Doesn%E2%80%99t+It%3F+%26%23124%3B+Hey+Diaspora%21+%E2%80%93+For+Misplaced+and+Displaced+Indonesians&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Hey+Diaspora%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheydiaspora.com%2Facfta-it-certainly-sounds-better-without-the-c-doesnt-it%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-136">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Steel, Emily and Fowler, Geoffrey A. (October 18, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304772804575558484075236968.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook in Privacy Breach"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> (Dow Jones)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304772804575558484075236968.html" rel="nofollow">http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304772804575558484075236968.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 18, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Facebook+in+Privacy+Breach&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Steel%2C+Emily+and+Fowler%2C+Geoffrey+A.&rft.au=Steel%2C+Emily+and+Fowler%2C+Geoffrey+A.&rft.date=October+18%2C+2010&rft.pub=Dow+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702304772804575558484075236968.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-137">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Politics/story?id=3899006&page=1" rel="nofollow">"ABC News Joins Forces With Facebook"</a>. ABCnews.go.com. 2007-12-18<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Politics/story?id=3899006&page=1" rel="nofollow">http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Politics/story?id=3899006&page=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ABC+News+Joins+Forces+With+Facebook&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.pub=ABCnews.go.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTechnology%2FPolitics%2Fstory%3Fid%3D3899006%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-138">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Doug Minor (2007-11-29). <a class="external text" href="http://blogs.saintanselmcollege.net/2007/11/29/abcdebates/" rel="nofollow">"Saint Anselm to Host ABC Debates Jan. 5"</a>. blogs.saintanselmcollege.net<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blogs.saintanselmcollege.net/2007/11/29/abcdebates/" rel="nofollow">http://blogs.saintanselmcollege.net/2007/11/29/abcdebates/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Saint+Anselm+to+Host+ABC+Debates+Jan.+5&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Doug+Minor&rft.au=Doug+Minor&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft.pub=blogs.saintanselmcollege.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.saintanselmcollege.net%2F2007%2F11%2F29%2Fabcdebates%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-139">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Tahman Bradley (2007-12-12). <a class="external text" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/abc_wmur_and_facebook_debates/index.html" rel="nofollow">"Republicans Lead off ABC News, WMUR-TV and Facebook Back-To-Back Debates in New Hampshire"</a>. Blogs.abcnews.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/abc_wmur_and_facebook_debates/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/abc_wmur_and_facebook_debates/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Republicans+Lead+off+ABC+News%2C+WMUR-TV+and+Facebook+Back-To-Back+Debates+in+New+Hampshire&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Tahman+Bradley&rft.au=Tahman+Bradley&rft.date=2007-12-12&rft.pub=Blogs.abcnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.abcnews.com%2Fpoliticalradar%2Fabc_wmur_and_facebook_debates%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-140">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Ezra Callahan (2008-01-05). <a class="external text" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=8183627130" rel="nofollow">"Tune in to the ABC News/Facebook Debates, Tonight 7pm/6c on ABC"</a>. Blog.facebook.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=8183627130" rel="nofollow">http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=8183627130</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Tune+in+to+the+ABC+News%2FFacebook+Debates%2C+Tonight+7pm%2F6c+on+ABC&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ezra+Callahan&rft.au=Ezra+Callahan&rft.date=2008-01-05&rft.pub=Blog.facebook.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.facebook.com%2Fblog.php%3Fpost%3D8183627130&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-141">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Russell Goldman (2007-01-05). <a class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=4091460&page=1" rel="nofollow">"Facebook Gives Snapshot of Voter Sentiment"</a>. ABCnews.go.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=4091460&page=1" rel="nofollow">http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=4091460&page=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+Gives+Snapshot+of+Voter+Sentiment&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Russell+Goldman&rft.au=Russell+Goldman&rft.date=2007-01-05&rft.pub=ABCnews.go.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fstory%3Fid%3D4091460%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-142">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Michelle Sullivan (2008-11-03). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/11/04/politics/uwire/main4568563.shtml" rel="nofollow">"'Facebook Effect' Mobilizes Youth Vote"</a>. CBSnews.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/11/04/politics/uwire/main4568563.shtml" rel="nofollow">http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/11/04/politics/uwire/main4568563.shtml</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27Facebook+Effect%27+Mobilizes+Youth+Vote&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Michelle+Sullivan&rft.au=Michelle+Sullivan&rft.date=2008-11-03&rft.pub=CBSnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2008%2F11%2F04%2Fpolitics%2Fuwire%2Fmain4568563.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-143">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Brodzinsky, Sibylla (2008-02-04). <a class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2008/0204/p04s02-woam.html" rel="nofollow">"Facebook used to target Colombia's FARC with global rally"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2008/0204/p04s02-woam.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2008/0204/p04s02-woam.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Facebook+used+to+target+Colombia%27s+FARC+with+global+rally&rft.atitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.aulast=Brodzinsky%2C+Sibylla&rft.au=Brodzinsky%2C+Sibylla&rft.date=2008-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAmericas%2F2008%2F0204%2Fp04s02-woam.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-144">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Roberts, Laura (2010-08-21). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/7957222/North-Korea-joins-Facebook.html" rel="nofollow">"North Korea joins Facebook"</a>. <i>Telegraph</i> (London)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/7957222/North-Korea-joins-Facebook.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/7957222/North-Korea-joins-Facebook.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-08-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=North+Korea+joins+Facebook&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Roberts%2C%26%2332%3BLaura&rft.date=2010-08-21&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Ffacebook%2F7957222%2FNorth-Korea-joins-Facebook.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-147"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-147">^</a></b> Alex Millson <a class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1298433/Stars-pay-tribute-worlds-oldest-Twitter-user-Ivy-Bean-dies-aged-104.html?ITO=1490" rel="nofollow">"Stars pay tribute to world's oldest Twitter user Ivy Bean after she dies aged 104"</a>, <i>Daily Mail</i>, 28 July 2010</li>
<li id="cite_note-148"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-148">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Gray, Melissa (28 July 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/TECH/social.media/07/28/obit.ivy.bean/index.html?hpt=T2#fbid=txV8eA_Nah8" rel="nofollow">"Ivy Bean, 'world's oldest Twitter user,' dead at 104"</a>. <i>cnn.com</i><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/TECH/social.media/07/28/obit.ivy.bean/index.html?hpt=T2#fbid=txV8eA_Nah8" rel="nofollow">http://edition.cnn.com/2010/TECH/social.media/07/28/obit.ivy.bean/index.html?hpt=T2#fbid=txV8eA_Nah8</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 July 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ivy+Bean%2C+%27world%27s+oldest+Twitter+user%2C%27+dead+at+104&rft.jtitle=cnn.com&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft.au=Gray%2C%26%2332%3BMelissa&rft.date=28+July+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2010%2FTECH%2Fsocial.media%2F07%2F28%2Fobit.ivy.bean%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3DT2%23fbid%3DtxV8eA_Nah8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DenOfGeek22March2009-149"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-DenOfGeek22March2009_149-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.denofgeek.com/Reviews/222991/the_it_crowd_series_3_dvd_review.html" rel="nofollow">"The IT Crowd series 3 DVD review"</a>. <i>Den Of Geek.com</i>. 22 March 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.denofgeek.com/Reviews/222991/the_it_crowd_series_3_dvd_review.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.denofgeek.com/Reviews/222991/the_it_crowd_series_3_dvd_review.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 June 2010</span>. "Anyone who passes more than 15% of their working day on Facebook will love the 'Friendface' episode in series 3, which gently suggests that the likes of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_Reunited" title="Friends Reunited">Friends Reunited</a> and Facebook have a tendency to dig up situations – and people – that were buried with good reason"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+IT+Crowd+series+3+DVD+review&rft.atitle=Den+Of+Geek.com&rft.date=22+March+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denofgeek.com%2FReviews%2F222991%2Fthe_it_crowd_series_3_dvd_review.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Facebook"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-154"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook#cite_ref-154">^</a></b> <span class="citation"><a class="external text" href="http://www.limelife.com/blog-entry/Mark-Zuckerberg-Calls-The-Social-Network-Inaccurate-VIDEO/77351.html" rel="nofollow"><i>"Mark Zuckerberg Calls The Social Network Inaccurate"</i></a><span class="printonly">, <a class="external free" href="http://www.limelife.com/blog-entry/Mark-Zuckerberg-Calls-The-Social-Network-Inaccurate-VIDEO/77351.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.limelife.com/blog-entry/Mark-Zuckerberg-Calls-The-Social-Network-Inaccurate-VIDEO/77351.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 2 October 2010</span></span></li>
</ol>Site Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02270365323542814793noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620605760327811095.post-44589908424443555212010-12-28T14:46:00.001+00:002011-01-03T15:18:47.947+00:00What is a blog?From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />
A <b>blog</b> (a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blend" title="Blend">blend</a> of the term <i><b>web log</b></i>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> is a type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a> or part of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a>. Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. <i>Blog</i> can also be used as a verb, meaning <i>to maintain or add content to a blog</i>.<br />
Most blogs are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via widgets on the blogs and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_diary" title="Online diary">online diaries</a>. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">Web pages</a>, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_blog" title="Art blog">Art blog</a>), photographs (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoblog" title="Photoblog">photoblog</a>), videos (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_blogging" title="Video blogging">video blogging</a>), music (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_blog" title="MP3 blog">MP3 blog</a>), and audio (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasting</a>). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a> is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts.<br />
As of December 2007, blog search engine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorati" title="Technorati">Technorati</a> was tracking more than 112,000,000 blogs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Rise_in_popularity"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rise in popularity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Political_impact"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Political impact</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Mainstream_popularity"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mainstream popularity</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Types"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Community_and_cataloging"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Community and cataloging</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Popularity"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Popularity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Blurring_with_the_mass_media"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Blurring with the mass media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Consumer_generated_advertising_in_blogs"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Consumer generated advertising in blogs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Legal_and_social_consequences"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Legal and social consequences</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Defamation_or_liability"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Defamation or liability</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Employment"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Employment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Political_dangers"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Political dangers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Personal_safety"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Personal safety</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_blogging" title="History of blogging">History of blogging</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_diary" title="Online diary">online diary</a></div>The term "weblog" was coined by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorn_Barger" title="Jorn Barger">Jorn Barger</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup> on 17 December 1997. The short form, "blog," was coined by <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Merholz&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Peter Merholz (page does not exist)">Peter Merholz</a>, who jokingly broke the word <i>weblog</i> into the phrase <i>we blog</i> in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in April or May 1999.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup> Shortly thereafter, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Williams_%28blogger%29" title="Evan Williams (blogger)">Evan Williams</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyra_Labs" title="Pyra Labs">Pyra Labs</a> used "blog" as both a noun and verb ("to blog," meaning "to edit one's weblog or to post to one's weblog") and devised the term "blogger" in connection with Pyra Labs' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_%28service%29" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a> product, leading to the popularization of the terms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span></h3>Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>, commercial online services such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEnie" title="GEnie">GEnie</a>, BiX and the early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" title="Electronic mailing list">e-mail lists</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_Board_System" title="Bulletin Board System">Bulletin Board Systems</a> (BBS). In the 1990s, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forum</a> software, created running conversations with "threads." Threads are topical connections between messages on a virtual "corkboard."<br />
The modern blog evolved from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_diary" title="Online diary">online diary</a>, where people would keep a running account of their personal lives. Most such writers called themselves diarists, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>, or journalers. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hall" title="Justin Hall">Justin Hall</a>, who began personal blogging in 1994 while a student at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a>, is generally recognized as one of the earliest bloggers,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup> as is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle" title="Jerry Pournelle">Jerry Pournelle</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Winer" title="Dave Winer">Dave Winer's</a> Scripting News is also credited with being one of the oldest and longest running weblogs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup> Another early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EyeTap" title="EyeTap">EyeTap</a> device to a web site in 1994. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousveillance" title="Sousveillance">sousveillance</a>, and such journals were also used as evidence in legal matters.<br />
Early blogs were simply manually updated components of common <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website" title="Website">Web sites</a>. However, the evolution of tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of Web articles posted in reverse chronological order made the publishing process feasible to a much larger, less technical, population. Ultimately, this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces blogs we recognize today. For instance, the use of some sort of browser-based software is now a typical aspect of "blogging". Blogs can be hosted by dedicated <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog_hosting_service" title="Blog hosting service">blog hosting services</a>, or they can be run using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog_software" title="Blog software">blog software</a>, or on regular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web hosting services</a>.<br />
Some early bloggers, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Misanthropic_Bitch" title="The Misanthropic Bitch">The Misanthropic Bitch</a>, who began in 1997, actually referred to their online presence as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">zine</a>, before the term blog entered common usage.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rise_in_popularity">Rise in popularity</span></h3>After a slow start, blogging rapidly gained in popularity. Blog usage spread during 1999 and the years following, being further popularized by the near-simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tools:<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Ableson" title="Bruce Ableson">Bruce Ableson</a> launched <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Diary" title="Open Diary">Open Diary</a> in October 1998, which soon grew to thousands of online diaries. Open Diary innovated the reader comment, becoming the first blog community where readers could add comments to other writers' blog entries.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Fitzpatrick" title="Brad Fitzpatrick">Brad Fitzpatrick</a> started <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a> in March 1999.</li>
<li>Andrew Smales created Pitas.com in July 1999 as an easier alternative to maintaining a "news page" on a Web site, followed by Diaryland in September 1999, focusing more on a personal diary community.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Williams_%28blogger%29" title="Evan Williams (blogger)">Evan Williams</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Hourihan" title="Meg Hourihan">Meg Hourihan</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyra_Labs" title="Pyra Labs">Pyra Labs</a>) launched <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger.com" title="Blogger.com">blogger.com</a> in August 1999 (purchased by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> in February 2003)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_impact">Political impact</span></h3><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_blog" title="Political blog">Political blog</a></i></dd></dl>Since 2002, blogs have gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_%28public_relations%29" title="Spin (public relations)">spinning</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News" title="News">news</a> stories. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Iraq war</a> saw bloggers taking measured and passionate points<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup> of view that go beyond the traditional <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-right_politics" title="Left-right politics">left-right</a> divide of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talkingpointsmemo2.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="509" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Talkingpointsmemo2.png/300px-Talkingpointsmemo2.png" width="300" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talkingpointsmemo2.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>On 6 December 2002, Josh Marshall's talkingpointsmemo.com blog called attention to U.S. Senator Lott's comments regarding Senator Thurmond. Senator Lott was eventually to resign his Senate leadership position over the matter.</div></div></div>An early milestone in the rise in importance of blogs came in 2002, when many bloggers focused on comments by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Majority_Leader" title="United States Senate Majority Leader">U.S. Senate Majority Leader</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-massing_essay_15-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-massing_essay-15">[16]</a></sup> Senator Lott, at a party honoring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>, praised Senator Thurmond by suggesting that the United States would have been better off had Thurmond been elected president. Lott's critics saw these comments as a tacit approval of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>, a policy advocated by Thurmond's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1948" title="U.S. presidential election, 1948">1948 presidential campaign</a>. This view was reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers. (See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Josh Marshall</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a></i>.) Though Lott's comments were made at a public event attended by the media, no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story. Blogging helped to create a political crisis that forced Lott to step down as majority leader.<br />
Similarly, blogs were among the driving forces behind the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathergate" title="Rathergate">Rathergate</a>" scandal. To wit: (television journalist) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Dan Rather</a> presented documents (on the CBS show <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i>) that conflicted with accepted accounts of President Bush's military service record. Bloggers declared the documents to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forgeries</a> and presented evidence and arguments in support of that view. Consequently, CBS apologized for what it said were inadequate reporting techniques (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Green_Footballs" title="Little Green Footballs">Little Green Footballs</a>). Many bloggers view this scandal as the advent of blogs' acceptance by the mass media, both as a news source and opinion and as means of applying political pressure.<br />
The impact of these stories gave greater credibility to blogs as a medium of news dissemination. Though often seen as partisan gossips,<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> bloggers sometimes lead the way in bringing key information to public light, with mainstream media having to follow their lead. More often, however, news blogs tend to react to material already published by the mainstream media. Meanwhile, an increasing number of experts blogged, making blogs a source of in-depth analysis. (See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Drezner" title="Daniel Drezner">Daniel Drezner</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong" title="J. Bradford DeLong">J. Bradford DeLong</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Setser" title="Brad Setser">Brad Setser</a>.)<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mainstream_popularity">Mainstream popularity</span></h3>By 2004, the role of blogs became increasingly mainstream, as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_consultant" title="Political consultant">political consultants</a>, news services, and candidates began using them as tools for outreach and opinion forming. Blogging was established by politicians and political candidates to express opinions on war and other issues and cemented blogs' role as a news source. (See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a>.) Even politicians not actively campaigning, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29" title="Labour Party (UK)">UK's Labour Party's</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" title="Member of Parliament">MP</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Watson_%28politician%29" title="Tom Watson (politician)">Tom Watson</a>, began to blog to bond with constituents.<br />
In January 2005, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_%28magazine%29" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i> magazine listed eight bloggers that business people "could not ignore": <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Peter Rojas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeni_Jardin" title="Xeni Jardin">Xeni Jardin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Trott" title="Ben Trott">Ben Trott</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mena_Trott" title="Mena Trott">Mena Trott</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_I._Schwartz" title="Jonathan I. Schwartz">Jonathan Schwartz</a>, Jason Goldman, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scoble" title="Robert Scoble">Robert Scoble</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Calacanis" title="Jason Calacanis">Jason Calacanis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-16">[17]</a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s was among the first national governments to set up an official blog.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ynet_17-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-Ynet-17">[18]</a></sup> Under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Saranga" title="David Saranga">David Saranga</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> became active in adopting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> initiatives, including an official <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_blog" title="Video blog">video blog</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ynet_17-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-Ynet-17">[18]</a></sup> and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_blog" title="Political blog">political blog</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ynet3_18-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-Ynet3-18">[19]</a></sup> The Foreign Ministry also held a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">microblogging</a> press conference via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> about its <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" title="2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict">war with Hamas</a>, with Saranga answering questions from the public in common text-messaging abbreviations during a live worldwide <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_conference" title="Press conference">press conference</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JP_19-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-JP-19">[20]</a></sup> The questions and answers were later posted on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsraelPolitik" title="IsraelPolitik">IsraelPolitik</a>, the country's official political blog.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYTs_20-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-NYTs-20">[21]</a></sup><br />
The impact of blogging upon the mainstream media has also been acknowledged by governments. In 2009, the presence of the American journalism industry had declined to the point that several newspaper corporations were filing for bankruptcy, resulting in less direct competition between newspapers within the same circulation area. Discussion emerged as to whether the newspaper industry would benefit from a stimulus package by the federal government. President Barack Obama acknowledged the emerging influence of blogging upon society by saying "if the direction of the news is all blogosphere, all opinions, with no serious fact-checking, no serious attempts to put stories in context, that what you will end up getting is people shouting at each other across the void but not a lot of mutual understanding”.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-21">[22]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span></h2>There are many different types of blogs, differing not only in the type of content, but also in the way that content is delivered or written.<br />
<dl><dt>Personal blogs</dt>
<dd>The personal blog, an ongoing diary or commentary by an individual, is the traditional, most common blog. Personal bloggers usually take pride in their blog posts, even if their blog is never read. Blogs often become more than a way to just communicate; they become a way to reflect on life, or works of art. Blogging can have a sentimental quality. Few personal blogs rise to fame and the mainstream, but some personal blogs quickly garner an extensive following. One type of personal blog, referred to as a microblog, is extremely detailed and seeks to capture a moment in time. Some sites, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, allow bloggers to share thoughts and feelings instantaneously with friends and family, and are much faster than emailing or writing.</dd></dl><dl><dt>Corporate and organizational blogs</dt>
<dd>A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> purposes. Blogs used internally to enhance the communication and culture in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a> or externally for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">branding</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> purposes are called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_blog" title="Corporate blog">corporate blogs</a>. Similar blogs for clubs and societies are called club blogs, group blogs, or by similar names; typical use is to inform members and other interested parties of club and member activities.</dd></dl><dl><dt>By <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a></dt>
<dd>Some blogs focus on a particular subject, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_blog" title="Political blog">political blogs</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_blog" title="Travel blog">travel blogs</a> (also known as <i>travelogs</i>), house blogs,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-22">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-23">[24]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_blog" title="Fashion blog">fashion blogs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_blog" title="Project blog">project blogs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edublog" title="Edublog">education blogs</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_blog" title="Niche blog">niche blogs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">classical music blogs</a>, quizzing blogs and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_blogs&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Legal blogs (page does not exist)">legal blogs</a> (often referred to as a blawgs) or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamlog" title="Dreamlog">dreamlogs</a>. Two common types of genre blogs are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_blog" title="Art blog">art blogs</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_blog" title="Music blog">music blogs</a>. A blog featuring discussions especially about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homemaker" title="Homemaker">home</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a> is not uncommonly called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_family-and-homemaking_blogs" title="List of family-and-homemaking blogs">mom blog</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-24">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-25">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-26">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-27">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-28">[29]</a></sup> While not a legitimate type of blog, one used for the sole purpose of spamming is known as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splog" title="Splog">Splog</a>.</dd></dl><dl><dt>By media type</dt>
<dd>A blog comprising videos is called a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlog" title="Vlog">vlog</a>, one comprising links is called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linklog" title="Linklog">linklog</a>, a site containing a portfolio of sketches is called a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketchblog" title="Sketchblog">sketchblog</a> or one comprising photos is called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoblog" title="Photoblog">photoblog</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-29">[30]</a></sup> Blogs with shorter posts and mixed media types are called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblelog" title="Tumblelog">tumblelogs</a>. Blogs that are written on typewriters and then scanned are called typecast or typecast blogs; see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typecasting_%28blogging%29" title="Typecasting (blogging)">typecasting (blogging)</a>.</dd></dl><dl><dd>A rare type of blog hosted on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_Protocol" title="Gopher Protocol">Gopher Protocol</a> is known as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlog" title="Phlog">Phlog</a>.</dd></dl><dl><dt>By device</dt>
<dd>Blogs can also be defined by which type of device is used to compose it. A blog written by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile device</a> like a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDA</a> could be called a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moblog" title="Moblog">moblog</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-30">[31]</a></sup> One early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EyeTap" title="EyeTap">EyeTap</a> device to a web site. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousveillance" title="Sousveillance">sousveillance</a>. Such journals have been used as evidence in legal matters.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></dd></dl><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Community_and_cataloging">Community and cataloging</span></h2><dl><dt>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogosphere" title="Blogosphere">Blogosphere</a></dt>
<dd>The collective community of all blogs is known as the <i>blogosphere</i>. Since all blogs are on the internet by definition, they may be seen as interconnected and socially networked, through <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogroll" title="Blogroll">blogrolls</a>, comments, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkback" title="Linkback">linkbacks</a> (refbacks, trackbacks or pingbacks) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlink" title="Backlink">backlinks</a>. Discussions "in the blogosphere" are occasionally used by the media as a gauge of public opinion on various issues. Because new, untapped communities of bloggers can emerge in the space of a few years, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_marketing" title="Internet marketing">Internet marketers</a> pay close attention to "trends in the blogosphere".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-31">[32]</a></sup></dd></dl><dl><dt>BlogDay</dt>
<dd><a class="external text" href="http://www.blogday.org/" rel="nofollow">BlogDay</a> was created with the belief that bloggers should have one day dedicated to getting to know other bloggers from other countries and areas of interest. The designated date is August 31, because when written 3108, it resembles the word "Blog". On that day, bloggers recommend five new blogs to their visitors, so that readers discover new, previously unknown blogs.</dd></dl><dl><dt><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Blog" title="List of search engines">Blog search engines</a></dt>
<dd>Several blog search engines are used to search blog contents, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloglines" title="Bloglines">Bloglines</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlogScope" title="BlogScope">BlogScope</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorati" title="Technorati">Technorati</a>. Technorati, which is among the most popular blog search engines, provides current information on both popular searches and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_%28metadata%29" title="Tag (metadata)">tags</a> used to categorize blog postings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-32">[33]</a></sup> The research community is working on going beyond simple keyword search, by inventing new ways to navigate through huge amounts of information present in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogosphere" title="Blogosphere">blogosphere</a>, as demonstrated by projects like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlogScope" title="BlogScope">BlogScope</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></dd></dl><dl><dt>Blogging communities and directories</dt>
<dd>Several <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_communities" title="Online communities">online communities</a> exist that connect people to blogs and bloggers to other bloggers, including BlogCatalog and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyBlogLog" title="MyBlogLog">MyBlogLog</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MyBlogLog_33-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-MyBlogLog-33">[34]</a></sup> Interest-specific blogging platforms are also available. For instance, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogster" title="Blogster">Blogster</a> has a sizable community of political bloggers among its members.</dd></dl><dl><dt>Blogging and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a></dt>
<dd>It is common for blogs to feature advertisements either to financially benefit the blogger or to promote the blogger's favorite causes. The popularity of blogs has also given rise to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_blog" title="Fake blog">"fake blogs"</a> in which a company will create a fictional blog as a marketing tool to promote a product.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-34">[35]</a></sup></dd></dl><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Popularity">Popularity</span></h2>Researchers have analyzed the dynamics of how blogs become popular. There are essentially two measures of this: popularity through citations, as well as popularity through affiliation (i.e. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogroll" title="Blogroll">blogroll</a>). The basic conclusion from studies of the structure of blogs is that while it takes time for a blog to become popular through blogrolls, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permalinks" title="Permalinks">permalinks</a> can boost popularity more quickly, and are perhaps more indicative of popularity and authority than blogrolls, since they denote that people are actually reading the blog's content and deem it valuable or noteworthy in specific cases.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-35">[36]</a></sup><br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogdex" title="Blogdex">blogdex</a> project was launched by researchers in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a> to crawl the Web and gather data from thousands of blogs in order to investigate their social properties. It gathered this information for over 4 years, and autonomously tracked the most contagious information spreading in the blog community, ranking it by recency and popularity. It can therefore be considered the first instantiation of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetracker" title="Memetracker">memetracker</a>. The project is no longer active, but a similar function is now served by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailrank.com" title="Tailrank.com">tailrank.com</a>.<br />
Blogs are given rankings by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorati" title="Technorati">Technorati</a> based on the number of incoming links and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a> based on the Web hits of Alexa Toolbar users. In August 2006, Technorati found that the most linked-to blog on the internet was that of Chinese actress <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Jinglei" title="Xu Jinglei">Xu Jinglei</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fickling_36-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-Fickling-36">[37]</a></sup> Chinese media <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a> reported that this blog received more than 50 million page views, claiming it to be the most popular blog in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-37">[38]</a></sup> Technorati rated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boing_Boing" title="Boing Boing">Boing Boing</a> to be the most-read group-written blog.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fickling_36-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-Fickling-36">[37]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Blurring_with_the_mass_media">Blurring with the mass media</span></h2>Many bloggers, particularly those engaged in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_journalism" title="Participatory journalism">participatory journalism</a>, differentiate themselves from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">mainstream media</a>, while others are members of that media working through a different channel. Some institutions see blogging as a means of "getting around the filter" and pushing <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messages" title="Messages">messages</a> directly to the public. Some critics worry that bloggers respect neither <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> nor the role of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> in presenting society with credible news. Bloggers and other contributors to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_generated_content" title="User generated content">user-generated content</a> are behind <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> magazine naming their 2006 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_the_year" title="Person of the year">person of the year</a> as "you".<br />
Many mainstream journalists, meanwhile, write their own blogs — well over 300, according to CyberJournalist.net's J-blog list.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> The first known use of a blog on a news site was in August 1998, when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Dube" title="Jonathan Dube">Jonathan Dube</a> of The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Observer" title="Charlotte Observer">Charlotte Observer</a> published one chronicling Hurricane Bonnie.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-38">[39]</a></sup><br />
Some bloggers have moved over to other media. The following bloggers (and others) have appeared on radio and television: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrios" title="Atrios">Duncan Black</a> (known widely by his pseudonym, Atrios), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Reynolds" title="Glenn Reynolds">Glenn Reynolds</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instapundit" title="Instapundit">Instapundit</a>), <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markos_Moulitsas_Z%C3%BAniga" title="Markos Moulitsas Zúniga">Markos Moulitsas Zúniga</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Kos" title="Daily Kos">Daily Kos</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Steffen" title="Alex Steffen">Alex Steffen</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldchanging" title="Worldchanging">Worldchanging</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Marie_Cox" title="Ana Marie Cox">Ana Marie Cox</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonkette" title="Wonkette">Wonkette</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Silver" title="Nate Silver">Nate Silver</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight.com" title="FiveThirtyEight.com">FiveThirtyEight.com</a>), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Ezra Klein</a> (Ezra Klein blog in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a>,</i> now in the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>). In counterpoint, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hewitt" title="Hugh Hewitt">Hugh Hewitt</a> exemplifies a mass-media personality who has moved in the other direction, adding to his reach in "old media" by being an influential blogger. Equally many established authors, for example <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzi_Szereto" title="Mitzi Szereto">Mitzi Szereto</a> have started using Blogs to not only update fans on their current works but also to expand into new areas of writing.<br />
Blogs have also had an influence on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority languages</a>, bringing together scattered speakers and learners; this is particularly so with blogs in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_language" title="Goidelic language">Gaelic languages</a>. Minority language publishing (which may lack economic feasibility) can find its audience through inexpensive blogging.<br />
There are many examples of bloggers who have published books based on their blogs, e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salam_Pax" title="Salam Pax">Salam Pax</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Simonetti" title="Ellen Simonetti">Ellen Simonetti</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Cutler" title="Jessica Cutler">Jessica Cutler</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScrappleFace" title="ScrappleFace">ScrappleFace</a>. Blog-based books have been given the name <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blook" title="Blook">blook</a>. A prize for the best blog-based book was initiated in 2005,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-39">[40]</a></sup> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_Blooker_Prize" title="Lulu Blooker Prize">Lulu Blooker Prize</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-40">[41]</a></sup> However, success has been elusive offline, with many of these books not selling as well as their blogs. Only blogger <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_Max" title="Tucker Max">Tucker Max</a> made the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Bestseller_List" title="New York Times Bestseller List">New York Times Bestseller List</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-41">[42]</a></sup> The book based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Powell" title="Julie Powell">Julie Powell</a>'s blog "The Julie/Julia Project" was made into the film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_%26_Julia" title="Julie & Julia">Julie & Julia</a></i>, apparently the first to do so.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Consumer_generated_advertising_in_blogs">Consumer generated advertising in blogs</span></h2><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consumer_generated_advertising&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Consumer generated advertising (page does not exist)">Consumer generated advertising</a> is a relatively new and controversial development and it has created a new model of marketing communication from businesses to consumers. Among the various forms of advertising on blog, the most controversial are the sponsored posts. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-42">[43]</a></sup> These are blog entries or posts and may be in the form of feedbacks, reviews, opinion, videos, etc. and usually containS a link back to the desired site using a keyword/s.<br />
Blogs have led to some disintermediation and a breakdown of the traditional advertising model where companies can skip over the advertising agencies (previously the only interface with the customer) and contact the customers directly themselves. On the other hand, new companies specialised in blog advertising have been established, to take advantage of this new development as well.<br />
However, there are many people who look negatively on this new development. Some believe that any form of commercial activity on blogs will destroy the blogosphere’s credibility. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-43">[44]</a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_and_social_consequences">Legal and social consequences</span></h2>Blogging can result in a range of legal liabilities and other unforeseen consequences.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Defamation_or_liability">Defamation or liability</span></h3>Several cases have been brought before the national courts against bloggers concerning issues of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slander_and_libel" title="Slander and libel">defamation or liability</a>. U.S. payouts related to blogging totaled $17.4 million by 2009; in some cases these have been covered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_insurance" title="Umbrella insurance">umbrella insurance</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-44">[45]</a></sup> The courts have returned with mixed verdicts. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Service_Provider" title="Internet Service Provider">Internet Service Providers</a> (ISPs), in general, are immune from liability for information that originates with third parties (U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a> and the EU Directive 2000/31/EC).<br />
In <i>Doe v. Cahill</i>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court" title="Delaware Supreme Court">Delaware Supreme Court</a> held that stringent standards had to be met to unmask the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_post" title="Anonymous post">anonymous posts</a> of bloggers and also took the unusual step of dismissing the libel case itself (as unfounded under American libel law) rather than referring it back to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">trial court</a> for reconsideration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-45">[46]</a></sup> In a bizarre twist, the Cahills were able to obtain the identity of John Doe, who turned out to be the person they suspected: the town's mayor, Councilman Cahill's political rival. The Cahills amended their original complaint, and the mayor settled the case rather than going to trial.<br />
In January 2007, two prominent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> political bloggers, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Ooi" title="Jeff Ooi">Jeff Ooi</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahiruddin_Attan" title="Ahiruddin Attan">Ahiruddin Attan</a>, were sued by pro-government newspaper, The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad, Kalimullah bin Masheerul Hassan, Hishamuddin bin Aun and Brenden John a/l John Pereira over an alleged defamation. The plaintiff was supported by the Malaysian government.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-46">[47]</a></sup> Following the suit, the Malaysian government proposed to "register" all bloggers in Malaysia in order to better control parties against their interest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-47">[48]</a></sup> This is the first such legal case against bloggers in the country.<br />
In the United States, blogger <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Wall" title="Aaron Wall">Aaron Wall</a> was sued by Traffic Power for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> and publication of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secrets" title="Trade secrets">trade secrets</a> in 2005.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-48">[49]</a></sup> According to Wired Magazine, Traffic Power had been "banned from Google for allegedly rigging search engine results."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-49">[50]</a></sup> Wall and other "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hat" title="White hat">white hat</a>" <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">search engine optimization</a> consultants had exposed Traffic Power in what they claim was an effort to protect the public. The case was watched by many bloggers because it addressed the murky legal question of who is liable for comments posted on blogs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-50">[51]</a></sup> The case was dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction, and Traffic Power failed to appeal within the allowed time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-51">[52]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-52">[53]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-53">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-54">[55]</a></sup><br />
In 2009, a controversial and landmark decision by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Eady" title="David Eady">The Hon. Mr Justice Eady</a> refused to grant an order to protect the anonymity of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Horton_%28blogger%29" title="Richard Horton (blogger)">Richard Horton</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-55">[56]</a></sup><br />
In 2009, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a> issued a legal notice to Indian blogger Chetan Kunte for "abusive free speech" regarding a blog post criticizing their coverage of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_attacks" title="Mumbai attacks">Mumbai attacks</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hootbarkha_56-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-hootbarkha-56">[57]</a></sup> The blogger unconditionally withdrew his post, replacing it with legal undertaking and an admission that his post had been "defamatory and untrue" which resulted in several Indian bloggers criticizing NDTV for trying to silence critics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-57">[58]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Employment">Employment</span></h3>Employees who blog about elements of their place of employment can begin to affect the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_recognition" title="Brand recognition">brand recognition</a> of their employer. In general, attempts by employee bloggers to protect themselves by maintaining anonymity have proved ineffective.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-58">[59]</a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QueenofSkyStorySummary.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="168" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/16/QueenofSkyStorySummary.png/170px-QueenofSkyStorySummary.png" width="170" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QoS3.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>In late 2004, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Simonetti" title="Ellen Simonetti">Ellen Simonetti</a> was fired for what was deemed by her employer, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>, to be inappropriate material on her blog. She subsequently wrote a book based on her blog.</div></div></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> fired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">flight attendant</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Simonetti" title="Ellen Simonetti">Ellen Simonetti</a> because she posted photographs of herself in uniform on an airplane and because of comments posted on her blog "Queen of Sky: Diary of a Flight Attendant" which the employer deemed inappropriate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-59">[60]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-60">[61]</a></sup> This case highlighted the issue of personal blogging and freedom of expression versus employer rights and responsibilities, and so it received wide media attention. Simonetti took legal action against the airline for "wrongful termination, defamation of character and lost future wages".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-61">[62]</a></sup> The suit was postponed while Delta was in bankruptcy proceedings (<a class="external text" href="http://deltadocket.com/delta_downloads/delta_downloads_CourtFiledDocuments/Twelfth_OmnibusClaimsObjection.pdf" rel="nofollow">court docket</a>).<br />
In early 2006, Erik Ringmar, a tenured senior lecturer at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, was ordered by the convenor of his department to "take down and destroy" his blog in which he discussed the quality of education at the school.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-62">[63]</a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cuban" title="Mark Cuban">Mark Cuban</a>, owner of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks" title="Dallas Mavericks">Dallas Mavericks</a>, was fined during the 2006 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> playoffs for criticizing NBA officials on the court and in his blog.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-63">[64]</a></sup><br />
Mark Jen was terminated in 2005 after 10 days of employment as an Assistant Product Manager at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> for discussing corporate secrets on his personal blog, then called 99zeros and hosted on the Google-owned <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger.com" title="Blogger.com">Blogger</a> service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-64">[65]</a></sup> He blogged about unreleased products and company finances a week before the company's earnings announcement. He was fired two days after he complied with his employer's request to remove the sensitive material from his blog.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-65">[66]</a></sup><br />
In India, blogger Gaurav Sabnis resigned from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> after his posts exposing the false claims of a management school, IIPM, led to management of IIPM threatening to burn their IBM laptops as a sign of protest against him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-66">[67]</a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Cutler" title="Jessica Cutler">Jessica Cutler</a>, aka "<a class="external text" href="http://washingtoniennearchive.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow">The Washingtonienne</a>", blogged about her sex life while employed as a congressional assistant. After the blog was discovered and she was fired,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-67">[68]</a></sup> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: <i>The Washingtonienne: A Novel</i>. Cutler is presently being sued by one of her former lovers in a case that could establish the extent to which bloggers are obligated to protect the privacy of their real life associates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-68">[69]</a></sup><br />
Catherine Sanderson, a.k.a. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite_Anglaise" title="Petite Anglaise">Petite Anglaise</a>, lost her job in Paris at a British accountancy firm because of blogging.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-69">[70]</a></sup> Although given in the blog in a fairly anonymous manner, some of the descriptions of the firm and some of its people were less than flattering. Sanderson later won a compensation claim case against the British firm, however.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-70">[71]</a></sup><br />
On the other hand, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penelope_Trunk&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Penelope Trunk (page does not exist)">Penelope Trunk</a> wrote an upbeat article in the <i>Boston Globe</i> back in 2006, entitled "<a class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2006/04/16/blogs_essential_to_a_good_career/" rel="nofollow">Blogs 'essential' to a good career</a>". She was one of the first journalists to point out that a large portion of bloggers are professionals and that a well-written blog can help attract employers.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_dangers">Political dangers</span></h3>Blogging can sometimes have unforeseen consequences in politically sensitive areas. Blogs are much harder to control than broadcast or even print media. As a result, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> regimes often seek to suppress blogs and/or to punish those who maintain them.<br />
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, two ethnic Chinese were <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprisoned" title="Imprisoned">imprisoned</a> under the country’s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition_Act_%28Singapore%29" title="Sedition Act (Singapore)">anti-sedition law</a> for posting <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Muslim" title="Anti-Muslim">anti-Muslim</a> remarks in their blogs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-71">[72]</a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> blogger <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Amer" title="Kareem Amer">Kareem Amer</a> was charged with insulting the Egyptian president <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> and an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">institution</a> through his blog. It is the first time in the history of Egypt that a blogger was prosecuted. After a brief trial session that took place in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, the blogger was found guilty and sentenced to prison terms of three years for insulting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and inciting sedition, and one year for insulting Mubarak.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-72">[73]</a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> blogger <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdel_Monem_Mahmoud&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Abdel Monem Mahmoud (page does not exist)">Abdel Monem Mahmoud</a> was arrested in April 2007 for anti-government writings in his <a class="external text" href="http://www.ana-ikhwan.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow">blog</a>. Monem is a member of the banned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>.<br />
After expressing opinions in his personal blog about the state of the Sudanese armed forces, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pronk" title="Jan Pronk">Jan Pronk</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Special Representative for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, was given three days notice to leave Sudan. The Sudanese army had demanded his deportation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-73">[74]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-74">[75]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-75">[76]</a></sup><br />
In <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, Nay Phone Latt, a blogger, was sentenced to 20 years in jail for posting a cartoon critical of head of state <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_Shwe" title="Than Shwe">Than Shwe</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-76">[77]</a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_safety">Personal safety</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_homicide" title="Internet homicide">Internet homicide</a></div>One consequence of blogging is the possibility of attacks or threats against the blogger, sometimes without apparent reason. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Sierra" title="Kathy Sierra">Kathy Sierra</a>, author of the innocuous blog <a class="external text" href="http://headrush.typepad.com/" rel="nofollow">Creating Passionate Users</a>, was the target of such vicious threats and misogynistic insults that she canceled her keynote speech at a technology conference in San Diego, fearing for her safety.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-77">[78]</a></sup> While a blogger's anonymity is often tenuous, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_%28internet%29" title="Troll (internet)">Internet trolls</a> who would attack a blogger with threats or insults can be emboldened by anonymity. Sierra and supporters initiated an online discussion aimed at countering abusive online behavior<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#cite_note-78">[79]</a></sup> and developed a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger%27s_code_of_conduct" title="Blogger's code of conduct">blogger's code of conduct</a>.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.5em 0.5em;"><table style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(249, 249, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png"><img alt="" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" width="28" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
<tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg"><img alt="" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/28px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" width="28" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog_award" title="Blog award">Blog award</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Blog" title="List of search engines">Blog search engines</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weblog_software" title="Weblog software">Blog software</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog_traffic" title="Blog traffic">Blog traffic</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogskin" title="Blogskin">Blogskin</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BROG" title="BROG">BROG</a> - (We)blog Research on Genre project</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_blog" title="Collaborative blog">Collaborative blog</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_engagement" title="Customer engagement">Customer engagement</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_blog" title="Dream blog">Dream blog</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edublog" title="Edublog">Edublog</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_and_family_blog" title="Home and family blog">Home and family blog</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_journalism" title="Interactive journalism">Interactive journalism</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blogging_terms" title="List of blogging terms">List of blogging terms</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blogs" title="List of blogs">List of blogs</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites" title="List of social networking websites">List of social networking websites</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_distributed_collaboration" title="Massively distributed collaboration">Massively distributed collaboration</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblogs" title="Microblogs">Microblogs</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideblog" title="Sideblog">Sideblog</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_blogging" title="Social blogging">Social blogging</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">User-generated content</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmaster" title="Webmaster">Webmaster</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernando_LaPallo" title="Bernando LaPallo">Bernando LaPallo</a> - the world's oldest blogger</li>
</ul>Site Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02270365323542814793noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3620605760327811095.post-62786040529906202612010-12-28T14:42:00.001+00:002011-01-03T15:18:47.948+00:00What is a website?A <b>website</b> (also spelled <b>Web site</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup>) is a collection of related <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video">videos</a> or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" title="Uniform Resource Locator">Uniform Resource Locator</a> (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>, and the root path ('/') in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a>-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>, accessible via a network such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> or a private <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a>.<br />
A web page is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document" title="Document">document</a>, typically written in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> interspersed with formatting instructions of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" title="Hypertext Markup Language">Hypertext Markup Language</a> (HTML, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>). A web page may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_anchor" title="HTML anchor">markup anchors</a>.<br />
Web pages are accessed and transported with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Secure" title="HTTP Secure">HTTP Secure</a>, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the web page content. The user's application, often a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Monitor" title="Computer Monitor">display terminal</a>.<br />
All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<br />
The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator (URL) called the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homepage" title="Homepage">homepage</a>. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinking</a> between them conveys the reader's perceived <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_map" title="Site map">site structure</a> and guides the reader's navigation of the site.<br />
Some websites require a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription" title="Subscription">subscription</a> to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription websites include many business sites, parts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News" title="News">news</a> websites, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> websites, gaming websites, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">message boards</a>, web-based <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail">e-mail</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking" title="Social networking">social networking</a> websites, websites providing real-time <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a> data, and websites providing various other services (e.g. websites offering storing and/or sharing of images, files and so forth).<br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#Static_website"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Static website</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#Dynamic_website"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Dynamic website</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#Dynamic_code"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dynamic code</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#Dynamic_content"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dynamic content</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#Purpose_of_dynamic_websites"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Purpose of dynamic websites</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#Software_systems"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Software systems</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#Content-based_sites"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Content-based sites</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#Product-_or_service-based_sites"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Product- or service-based sites</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#Spelling"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Spelling</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#Types_of_websites"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Types of websites</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#Awards"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Awards</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Website&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW) was created in 1989 by CERN physicist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-First_page_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#cite_note-First_page-2">[3]</a></sup> On 30 April 1993, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-w3c_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website#cite_note-w3c-3">[4]</a></sup> Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_transfer_protocol" title="File transfer protocol">file transfer protocol</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_protocol" title="Gopher protocol">gopher protocol</a> were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a> formats.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Website&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span></h2>Organized by function, a website may be<br />
<ul><li>a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_website" title="Personal website">personal website</a></li>
<li>a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_website#Websites_as_businesses" title="Commercial website">commercial website</a></li>
<li>a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Government" title="E-Government">government website</a></li>
<li>a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organization</a> website</li>
</ul>It could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.<br />
Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> interface classified as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">user agent</a>. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, PDAs and cell phones.<br />
A website is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">hosted</a> on a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_system" title="Computer system">computer system</a> known as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> that runs on these systems and that retrieves and delivers the web pages in response to requests from the website users. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache</a> is the most commonly used web server software (according to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcraft" title="Netcraft">Netcraft</a> statistics) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Information_Server" title="Internet Information Server">Internet Information Server</a> (IIS) is also commonly used.Site Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02270365323542814793noreply@blogger.com