what is Twitter

Twitter

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Twitter, Inc.
TypePrivate
FoundedSan Francisco, California, United States
FounderJack Dorsey
Evan Williams
Biz Stone
Headquarters795 Folsom St., Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94107[1], United States
Area servedWorldwide
Key peopleJack Dorsey (Chairman)
Dick Costolo (CEO)
Evan Williams (Product Strategy)
Biz Stone (Creative Director)
Revenueincrease US $150 million (projected 2010)[2]
Employees351 (2010)[3]
SloganWhat's happening?
Websitetwitter.com
Alexa rankdecrease 10 (November 2010)[4]
Type of sitemobile social network service, microblogging
RegistrationRequired
Users190 million (accounts, not visitors)[5]
Available inMultilingual
English, Spanish, Japanese, German, French, and Italian
LaunchedJuly 15, 2006[6]
Current statusActive
Twitter is a website, owned and operated by Twitter Inc., which offers a social networking and microblogging service, enabling its users to send and read messages called tweets. Tweets are text-based posts of up to 140 characters displayed on the user's profile page. Tweets are publicly visible by default, however senders can restrict message delivery to their friends list. Users may subscribe to other users' tweets—this is known as following and subscribers are known as followers.[7]
All users can send and receive tweets via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for smartphones), or by Short Message Service (SMS) available in certain countries.[8] While the service is free, accessing it through SMS may incur phone service provider fees. The website is based in San Francisco, California. Twitter also has servers and offices in San Antonio, Texas and Boston, Massachusetts.
Since its creation in March 2006 and its launch in July 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Twitter has gained popularity worldwide and currently has more than 175 million users.[9] It is estimated that Twitter has 190 million users, generating 65 million tweets a day and handling over 800,000 search queries per day.[10] It is sometimes described as the "SMS of the Internet."[11]

Contents

[hide]

[edit] History


A blueprint sketch, circa 2006, by Jack Dorsey, envisioning an SMS-based social network.
Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" that was held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. While sitting in a park on a children’s slide and eating Mexican food, Jack Dorsey introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group.[12] The original project code name for the service was twttr, inspired by Flickr and the five character length of American SMS short codes. The developers initially considered "10958" as a short code, but later changed it to "40404" for "ease of use and memorability."[13] Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9:50 PM Pacific Standard Time (PST): "just setting up my twttr."[14]
[W]e came across the word "twitter," and it was just perfect. The definition was "a short burst of inconsequential information," and "chirps from birds." And that’s exactly what the product was.
—Jack Dorsey[15]
The first Twitter prototype was used as an internal service for Odeo employees and the full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.[6] In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo and all of its assets–including Odeo.com and Twitter.com–from the investors and shareholders.[16] Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.[17]
The tipping point for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest (SXSW) festival. During the event Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.[18] "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked Newsweek's Steven Levy. "Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in attendance touted it."[19]
Reaction at the festival was highly positive. Blogger Scott Beale said that Twitter "absolutely rul[ed]" SXSW. Social software researcher Danah Boyd said Twitter "own[ed]" the festival.[20] Twitter staff received the festival's Web Award prize with the remark "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!"[21]

Previous Twitter logo, used until September 14, 2010.
In August 2010, the company appointed Adam Bain as President of Revenue from News Corp. Fox Audience Network.[22]
On September 14, 2010, Twitter launched a redesigned site including a new logo.[23]
On October 4, 2010, Evan Williams announced that he was stepping down as CEO. Dick Costolo, formerly COO of Twitter, took over Williams' position. Williams will stay with the company and “be completely focused on product strategy.”[24]
The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was posted from the International Space Station by NASA astronaut T. J. Creamer on January 22, 2010.[25] By late November 2010 an average of a dozen updates per day was posted on the astronauts' communal account, @NASA_Astronauts.

[edit] Growth

Twitter had 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007. This grew to 100 million tweets posted per quarter in 2008. By the end of 2009, two billion tweets per quarter were being posted.[citation needed] In February 2010 Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day.[26] By March 2010, Twitter recorded over 70,000 registered applications, according to the company.[27] In the first quarter of 2010, 4 billion tweets were posted.[citation needed] As of June 2010, about 65 million tweets are posted each day, equaling about 750 tweets sent each second, according to Twitter.[28] Twitter has experienced rapid growth as noted on Compete.com, Twitter has moved up to the 3rd highest ranking social networking site in January 2009 from its previous rank of 22nd.[29]
Twitter's usage spikes during prominent events. For example, a record was set during the 2010 FIFA World Cup when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second in the 30 second period after Japan scored against Cameroon on 14 June 2010. The record was broken again when 3,085 tweets a second were posted after the Los Angeles Lakers' victory in the 2010 NBA Finals on 17 June 2010.[30] When American singer Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009, the Twitter server crashed after users were updating their status to include the words "Michael Jackson" at a rate of 100,000 tweets per hour.[31]
Twitter acquired application developer Atebits on April 11, 2010. Atebits had developed the Apple Design Award-winning Twitter client Tweetie for Mac and iPhone. The application, now called "Twitter" and distributed free of charge, is the official Twitter client for the iPhone.[32]
From September through October 2010, Twitter began rolling out 'New Twitter'. This was an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes include the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites (YouTube, Flickr etc.), as well as a complete overhaul of the interface, which shifted links such as '@mentions' and 'Retweets' above the Twitter stream, while 'Messages and 'Log Out' are now accessible via a black bar at the very top of twitter.com. As of November 1, Twitter confirmed that the 'New Twitter experience' had been rolled out to all users. Existing users still have the opportunity to opt out if they dislike the new interface, and go back to using the old-style Twitter. This overhaul did not have any effect on third-party applications such as TweetDeck.

[edit] Overview

Technology author Steven Johnson describes the basic mechanics of Twitter as "remarkably simple:"[33]
As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow another Twitter user, that user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations, even musings on the future of education.
Twitter has been compared to a web-based Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client.[34]

[edit] Messages

Users can group posts together by topic or type by use of hashtags — words or phrases prefixed with a #.[35] Similarly, the letter d followed by a username allows users to send messages privately. Finally, the @ sign followed by a username is used for mentioning or replying to other users.[36]
In late 2009, the "Twitter Lists" feature was added, making it possible for users to follow (as well as mention and reply to) lists of authors instead of individual authors.[7][37]
In January, 2010, MIT alumnus and astronaut Timothy Creamer sent the very first live tweet from space.[38]
Through SMS, users can communicate with Twitter through five gateway numbers: short codes for the United States, Canada, India, New Zealand, and an Isle of Man-based number for international use. There is also a short code in the United Kingdom which is only accessible to those on the Vodafone, O2[39] and Orange[40] networks. In India, since Twitter only supports tweets from Bharti Airtel,[41] an alternative platform called smsTweet[42] was set up by a user to work on all networks.[43] A similar platform called GladlyCast[44] exists for mobile phone users in Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines.
The messages were initially set to 140-character limit for compatibility with SMS messaging, introducing the shorthand notation and slang commonly used in SMS messages. The 140 character limit has also increased the usage of URL shortening services such as bit.ly, goo.gl, and tr.im, and content hosting services, such as Twitpic, memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate multimedia content and text longer than 140 characters. Twitter uses bit.ly for automatic shortening of all URLs posted on its website.[45]

[edit] Tweet contents


Content of Tweets according to Pear Analytics.[46]
  News
  Spam
  Self-promotion
  Pointless babble
  Conversational
  Pass-along value
San Antonio-based market research firm Pear Analytics analyzed 2,000 tweets (originating from the US and in English) over a 2-week period in August 2009 from 11:00 AM to 5:00 PM (CST) and separated them into six categories:[46]
  • Pointless babble — 40%
  • Conversational — 38%
  • Pass-along value — 9%
  • Self-promotion — 6%
  • Spam — 4%
  • News — 4%[46]
Social networking researcher Danah Boyd responded to the Pear Analytics survey by arguing that what the Pear researchers labelled "pointless babble" is better characterized as "social grooming" and/or "peripheral awareness" (which she explains as persons "want[ing] to know what the people around them are thinking and doing and feeling, even when co-presence isn’t viable").[47]

[edit] Rankings

Twitter is ranked as one of the 10 most visited websites worldwide by Alexa's web traffic analysis.[48] Daily user estimates vary as the company does not publish statistics on active accounts. A February 2009 Compete.com blog entry ranked Twitter as the third most used social network based on their count of 6 million unique monthly visitors and 55 million monthly visits.[49] In March 2009, a Nielsen.com blog ranked Twitter as the fastest-growing website in the Member Communities category for February 2009. Twitter had a monthly growth of 1,382%, increasing from 475,000 unique visitors in February 2008 to 7 million in February 2009. It was followed by Zimbio with 240% increase, and Facebook with 228% increase.[50] However, Twitter has a user retention rate of 40%.[51]

[edit] Adding and following content

There are numerous tools for adding content, monitoring content and conversations including Tweetdeck, Salesforce.com, HootSuite, and Twitterfeed.[52] Less than half of tweets are posted using the web user interface with most users using third-party applications (based on analysis of 500 million tweets by Sysomos).[53]

[edit] Authentication

As of August 31, 2010, third-party Twitter applications are required to use OAuth, an authentication method that does not require users to enter their password into the authenticating application. Previously, the OAuth authentication method was optional, it is now compulsory and the user-name/password authentication method has been made redundant and is no longer functional. Twitter stated that the move to OAuth will mean "increased security and a better experience."[54]

[edit] Demographics

Twitter is mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter, says Jeremiah Owyang, an industry analyst studying social media. "Adults are just catching up to what teens have been doing for years," he said.[55] According to comScore only 11% of Twitter's users are aged 12 to 17.[55] comScore attributes this to Twitter's "early adopter period" when the social network first gained popularity in business settings and news outlets attracting primarily older users. However, comScore as of late, has stated that Twitter has begun to "filter more into the mainstream", and "along with it came a culture of celebrity as Shaq, Britney Spears and Ashton Kutcher joined the ranks of the Twitterati."[56]
According to a study by Sysomos in June 2009, women make up a slightly larger Twitter demographic than men — 53% over 47%. It also stated that 5% of users accounted for 75% of all activity, and that New York has the most Twitter users.[57]
According to Quancast, 27 million people in the US used Twitter as of 09/03/2009. 63% of Twitter users are less than 35 years old, 60% of Twitter users are Caucasian, but a higher than average (compared to other Internet properties) are African American (16%) and Hispanic (11%); 58% of Twitter users have a total household income of at least $60K.[58]

[edit] Finances


Twitter's San Francisco headquarters located at 795 Folsom St.
Twitter raised over US$57 million from venture capitalist growth funding, although exact numbers are not publicly disclosed. Twitter's first A round of funding was for an undisclosed amount that is rumored to have been between $1 million and $5 million.[59] Its second B round of funding in 2008 was for $22 million[60] and its third C round of funding in 2009 was for $35 million from Institutional Venture Partners and Benchmark Capital along with an undisclosed amount from other investors including Union Square Ventures, Spark Capital and Insight Venture Partners.[59] Twitter is backed by Union Square Ventures, Digital Garage, Spark Capital, and Bezos Expeditions.[61]
The Industry Standard has remarked that Twitter's long-term viability is limited by a lack of revenue.[62] Twitter board member Todd Chaffee forecast that the company could profit from e-commerce, noting that users may want to buy items directly from Twitter since it already provides product recommendations and promotions.[63]
On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer paid advertising for companies that would be able to purchase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search results on the Twitter website, similar to Google Adwords' advertising model. As of April 13, Twitter announced it had already signed up a number of companies wishing to advertise including Sony Pictures, Red Bull, Best Buy, and Starbucks.[64][65]
Some of Twitter's revenue and user growth documents were illegally published on TechCrunch by the hacker Croll Hacker. The documents projected 2009 revenues of $400,000 in the third quarter and $4 million in the fourth quarter along with 25 million users by the end of the year. The projections for the end of 2013 were $1.54 billion in revenue, $111 million in net earnings, and 1 billion users.[2] No information about how Twitter plans to achieve those numbers has been published. In response, Twitter co-founder Biz Stone published a blog post suggesting the possibility of legal action against the hacker.[66]
Twitter has been identified as a possible candidate for an IPO by 2013.[67]

[edit] Technology

[edit] Implementation

The Twitter Web interface uses the Ruby on Rails framework,[68] deployed on a performance enhanced Ruby Enterprise Edition implementation of Ruby.[69]
From the spring of 2007 until 2008 the messages were handled by a Ruby persistent queue server called Starling,[70] but since 2009 implementation has been gradually replaced with software written in Scala.[71] The service's application programming interface (API) allows other web services and applications to integrate with Twitter.[72][73]

[edit] Interface

On April 30, 2009, Twitter adjusted its web interface, adding a search bar and a sidebar of "trending topics" — the most common phrases appearing in messages. Biz Stone explains that all messages are instantly indexed and that "with this newly launched feature, Twitter has become something unexpectedly important — a discovery engine for finding out what is happening right now."[74]

[edit] Outages


The Twitter fail whale error message.
When Twitter experiences an outage, users see the "fail whale" error message image created by Yiying Lu,[75] illustrating several red birds using a net to hoist a whale from the ocean captioned "Too many tweets! Please wait a moment and try again."[76]
Twitter had approximately 98% uptime in 2007 (or about six full days of downtime).[77] The downtime was particularly noticeable during events popular with the technology industry such as the 2008 Macworld Conference & Expo keynote address.[78][79]
  • November 2010 A number of accounts encountered a fault that resulted in them seeing the 'fail whale' when they tried to login to their accounts. The accounts themselves weren't locked out as account holders could still see their 'mentions' page and post from there. But the timeline and a number of other features were unavailable during this outage (which remains ongoing).
  • May 2008 Twitter's new engineering team made architectural changes to deal with the scale of growth. Stability issues resulted in down time or temporary feature removal.
  • August 2008, Twitter withdrew free SMS services from users in the United Kingdom[80] and for approximately five months instant messaging support via a XMPP bot was listed as being "temporarily unavailable".[81]
  • October 10, 2008, Twitter's status blog announced that instant messaging (IM) service was no longer a temporary outage and needed to be revamped. It was announced that Twitter aims to return its IM service pending necessary major work.[82]
  • June 12, 2009, in what was called a potential "Twitpocalypse", the unique numerical identifier associated with each tweet exceeded the limit of 32-bit signed integers (2,147,483,647 total messages).[83] While Twitter itself was not affected, some third-party clients could no longer access recent tweets. Patches were quickly released, though some iPhone applications had to wait for approval from the App Store.[84]
  • September 22, the identifier exceeded the limit for 32-bit unsigned integers (4,294,967,296 total messages) again breaking some third-party clients.[85]
  • August 6, 2009, Twitter and Facebook suffered from a denial-of-service attack, causing the Twitter website to go offline for several hours.[86] It was later confirmed that the attacks were directed at one pro-Georgian user around the anniversary of the 2008 South Ossetia War, rather than the sites themselves.[87]
  • 17 December 2009 a hacking attack replaced the website's welcoming screen with an image of a green flag and the caption "This site has been hacked by Iranian Cyber Army" for nearly an hour. No connection between the hackers and Iran has been established.[88]

[edit] Privacy and security

Twitter collects personally identifiable information about its users and shares it with third parties. The service reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands.[89] While Twitter displays no advertising, advertisers can target users based on their history of tweets and may quote tweets in ads[90] directed specifically to the user.
A security vulnerability was reported on April 7, 2007, by Nitesh Dhanjani and Rujith. Since Twitter used the phone number of the sender of an SMS message as authentication, malicious users could update someone else's status page by using SMS spoofing.[91] The vulnerability could be used if the spoofer knew the phone number registered to their victim's account. Within a few weeks of this discovery Twitter introduced an optional personal identification number (PIN) that its users could use to authenticate their SMS-originating messages.[92]
On January 5, 2009, 33 high-profile Twitter accounts were compromised after a Twitter administrator's password was guessed by a dictionary attack.[93] Falsified tweets — including sexually explicit and drug-related messages — were sent from these accounts.[94]
Twitter launched the beta version of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, allowing famous or notable people to announce their Twitter account name. The home pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status.[95]
In May 2010, a bug was discovered by İnci Sözlük users that allowed Twitter users to force others to follow them without the other user's knowledge. For example, comedian Conan O'Brien's account, which had been set to follow only one person was changed to receive nearly 200 malicious subscriptions.[96]
In response to Twitter's security breaches, the Federal Trade Commission brought charges against the service which were settled on June 24, 2010. This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users' private information, including maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" to be independently audited biannually.[97]

[edit] "MouseOver" exploit

On 21 September 2010, an XSS Worm became active on Twitter. When an account user held the mouse cursor over blacked out parts of a tweet, the worm within the script would automatically open links and re-post itself on the reader's account.[98] The exploit was then re-used to post pop-up ads and links to pornographic sites.
The origin is unclear but Pearce H. Delphin (known on Twitter as @zzap) and a Scandinavian developer, Magnus Holm, both claim to have modified the exploit of a user, possibly Masato Kinugawa, who was using it to create coloured Tweets.[99] Kinugawa, a Japanese developer, reported the XSS vulnerability to Twitter on August 14. Later, when he found it was exploitable again, he created the account 'RainbowTwtr' and used it to post coloured messages.[99]
Delphin says he exposed the security flaw by tweeting a JavaScript function for "onMouseOver",[99] and Holm later created and posted the XSS Worm that automatically re-tweeted itself.[98]
Accounts affected by the virus included Sarah Brown, wife of former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown. Security firm Sophos reported the virus was spread by people doing it for "fun and games", but noted it could be exploited by cybercriminals.[100] Twitter issued a statement on their status blog at 13:50 UTC that "The exploit is fully patched".[98][101] Twitter representative Carolyn Penner has expressed that they will not be pressing charges over this incident.[102]

[edit] Open source

Twitter released several open source projects developed while overcoming technical challenges of their service.[103] Notable projects are the Gizzard Scala framework for creating distributed datastores and the distributed graph database FlockDB.

[edit] t.co

t.co is a URL shortening service created by Twitter.[104] It is only available for links posted to Twitter and not available for general use.[104] Eventually all links posted to Twitter will use a t.co wrapper.[105]
Twitter hopes that the service will be able to protect users from malicious sites,[104] and will use it to track clicks on links within tweets.[104][106]

[edit] History

Having previously used the services of third parties TinyURL and bit.ly,[107] Twitter began experimenting with its own URL shortening service for direct messages in March 2010 using the twt.tl domain,[105] before it purchased the t.co domain.
The service is being tested on the main site using the accounts @TwitterAPI, @rsarver and @raffi.[105]
On 2 September 2010 an email from Twitter to users said they would be expanding the roll-out of the service to users.

[edit] Reception

[edit] Change of focus


The mobile version of twitter.com
Twitter emphasized their news and information network strategy in November 2009 by changing the question asked users for status updates from "What are you doing?" to "What's happening?"[108][109] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Limiting yourself to 140 characters—the maximum for messages on this diabolically addictive social-networking tool—is easy."[110]
On November 22, 2010, Biz Stone expressed for the first time the idea of a Twitter news network,[111] a concept of wire-like news service he has been working on for years.[112]

[edit] Criticism

The Wall Street Journal wrote that social-networking services such as Twitter "elicit mixed feelings in the technology-savvy people who have been their early adopters. Fans say they are a good way to keep in touch with busy friends. But some users are starting to feel 'too' connected, as they grapple with check-in messages at odd hours, higher cellphone bills and the need to tell acquaintances to stop announcing what they're having for dinner."[113]
"Using Twitter for literate communication is about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Iliad", said tech writer Bruce Sterling.[114] "For many people, the idea of describing your blow-by-blow activities in such detail is absurd," hypothesized writer Clive Thompson. "Why would you subject your friends to your daily minutiae? And conversely, how much of their trivia can you absorb? The growth of ambient intimacy can seem like modern narcissism taken to a new, supermetabolic extreme—the ultimate expression of a generation of celebrity-addled youths who believe their every utterance is fascinating and ought to be shared with the world."[115]
On the other hand Steve Dotto opines that part of Twitter's appeal is the challenge of trying to publish such messages in tight constraints.[116] "The qualities that make Twitter seem inane and half-baked are what makes it so powerful," says Jonathan Zittrain, professor of Internet law at Harvard Law School.[117]
Nielsen Online reports that Twitter has a user retention rate of 40%. Many people stop using the service after a month therefore the site may potentially reach only about 10% of all Internet users.[118] In 2009, Twitter won the "Breakout of the Year" Webby Award.[119][120]
During a February 2009 discussion on National Public Radio's Weekend Edition, Daniel Schorr stated that Twitter accounts of events lacked rigorous fact-checking and other editorial improvements. In response, Andy Carvin gave Schorr two examples of breaking news stories that played out on Twitter and said users wanted first-hand accounts and sometimes debunked stories.[121]
In an episode of The Daily Show on February 26, 2009, guest Brian Williams described tweets as only referring to the condition of the author. Williams implied that he would never use Twitter because nothing he did was interesting enough to publish in Twitter format.[122] During another episode of The Daily Show on March 2, 2009, host Jon Stewart negatively portrayed members of Congress who chose to "tweet" during President Obama's address to Congress (on February 24, 2009) rather than pay attention to the content of the speech. The show's Samantha Bee satirized media coverage of the service saying "there's no surprise young people love it — according to reports of young people by middle-aged people."[123] The influence of social networking sites such as facebook and twitter have huge influences on today's youth. Time magazine has acknowledged growing level of influence in their 2010 Time 100 most influential people. To determine the influence of people they used a formula based on famous social networking sites, Twitter and Facebook. The list ranges from Barack Obama and Oprah Winfrey to Lady Gaga and Ashton Kutcher. The formula is (twitter followers) x 2 + (facebook connections) divided by 2.[124]
In March 2009, the comic strip Doonesbury began to satirize Twitter. Many characters highlighted the triviality of tweets although one defended the need to keep up with the constant-update trend.[125] SuperNews! similarly satirized Twitter as an addiction to "constant self-affirmation" and said tweets were nothing more than "shouts into the darkness hoping someone is listening".[126]
In August 2010, South Korea tried to block certain content on Twitter due to the North Korean government opening a Twitter account.[127] The North Korean Twitter account created on August 12, @uriminzok, loosely translated to mean "our people" in Korean, acquired over 4,500 followers in less than one week. On August 19, 2010, South Korea's state-run Communications Standards Commission banned the Twitter account for broadcasting "illegal information."[128] According to BBC US and Canada, experts claim that North Korea has invested in "information technology for more than 20 years" with knowledge of how to use social networking sites to their power.[129] This appears to be "nothing new" for North Korea as the reclusive country has always published propaganda in its press, usually against South Korea, calling them "warmongers."[129] With only 36 tweets, the Twitter account was able to accumulate almost 9,000 followers. To date, the South Korean Commission has banned 65 sites, including this Twitter account.[128]
Twitter is banned in China, however many Chinese people use it anyway. In 2010 Cheng Jianping was sentenced to 1 year in a labor camp for a sarcastic post on Twitter.[130]

[edit] Alleged censoring of Trending Results

In December 2010, allegations have been made by several IT-news websites and other media reporting that Twitter appeared to engage in censorship activities by impeding WikiLeaks related tweets from becoming trending topics, despite high numbers of tweets concerning WikiLeaks due to activities such as the United States diplomatic cables leak. [131] [132] [133] However, Twitter has denied any involvement with altering Trend results explaining that "WikiLeaks and cablegate have trended worldwide or in specific locations."[134]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Contact Us". http://twitter.com/about/contact. 
  2. ^ a b "Hacker Exposes Private Twitter Documents". The New York Times. July 15, 2009. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/hacker-exposes-private-twitter-documents/?hpw.. Retrieved July 15, 2009. 
  3. ^ "Press Info", Twitter. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
  4. ^ "twitter.com – Traffic Details from Alexa". Alexa Internet, Inc. http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010. 
  5. ^ "Costolo: Twitter Now Has 190 Million Users Tweeting 65 Million Times A Day". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
  6. ^ a b Michael Arrington Jul 15, 2006 (2006-07-15). "Odeo Releases Twttr". Techcrunch.com. http://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/. Retrieved 2010-09-18. 
  7. ^ a b "There's a List for That". blog.twitter.com. October 30, 2009. http://blog.twitter.com/2009/10/theres-list-for-that.html. Retrieved February 1, 2010. 
  8. ^ "Using Twitter With Your Phone". Twitter Support. http://help.twitter.com/entries/14226-how-to-find-your-twitter-short-long-code. Retrieved 2010-06-01. "We currently support 2-way (sending and receiving) Twitter SMS via short codes and 1-way (sending only) via long codes." 
  9. ^ "Twitter: On-Track for 200 Million Users by Year's End". http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2371826,00.asp. Retrieved October 31, 2010. 
  10. ^ "twitter.com - Quantcast Audience Profile". Quantcast.com. http://www.quantcast.com/twitter.com. Retrieved 2010-10-30. 
  11. ^ D'Monte, Leslie (April 29, 2009). "Swine flu's tweet tweet causes online flutter". Business Standard. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/swine-flu%5Cs-tweet-tweet-causes-online-flutter/356604/. Retrieved May 28, 2009. "Also known as the 'SMS of the internet', Twitter is a free social networking and micro-blogging service" 
  12. ^ Miller, Claire Cain (October 30, 2010). "Why Twitter’s C.E.O. Demoted Himself". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html. Retrieved October 31, 2010. 
  13. ^ Sagolla, Dom (January 30, 2009). "How Twitter Was Born". 140 Characters. http://www.140characters.com/2009/01/30/how-twitter-was-born/. Retrieved June 25, 2009. 
  14. ^ Dorsey, Jack (2006). "just setting up my twttr". Twitter. http://twitter.com/jack/status/20. Retrieved June 19, 2009 
  15. ^ Sano, David (February 18, 2009). "Twitter creator Jack Dorsey illuminates the site's founding document". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/02/twitter-creator.html. Retrieved June 18, 2009. 
  16. ^ Malik, Om (October 25, 2006). "Odeo RIP, Hello Obvious Corp". GigaOM. http://gigaom.com/2006/10/25/odeo-rip-hello-obvious-corp/. Retrieved June 20, 2009. 
  17. ^ Lennon, Andrew. "A Conversation With Twitter Co-Founder Jack Dorsey". The Daily Anchor. http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/. Retrieved February 12, 2009. 
  18. ^ Douglas, Nick (March 12, 2007). "Twitter blows up at SXSW Conference". Gawker. http://gawker.com/tech/next-big-thing/twitter-blows-up-at-sxsw-conference-243634.php. Retrieved June 20, 2009. 
  19. ^ Levy, Steven (April 30, 2007). "Twitter: Is Brevity The Next Big Thing". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/35289. Retrieved June 20, 2009. 
  20. ^ Terdiman, Daniel (March 10, 2007). "To Twitter or Dodgeball at SXSW?". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9696264-2.html. Retrieved June 20, 2009. 
  21. ^ Stone, Biz (March 14, 2007). "We Won!". Twitter. http://blog.twitter.com/2007/03/we-won.html. Retrieved May 7, 2008. 
  22. ^ http://techcrunch.com/2010/08/23/twitter-hires-adam-bain-away-from-news-corp-as-president-of-revenue/
  23. ^ Cashmore, Pete (September 16, 2010). "'New Twitter' shows the Web isn't dead". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/social.media/09/16/cashmore.twitter.web/index.html. Retrieved September 16, 2010. 
  24. ^ "#newtwitterceo". blog.twitter.com. October 4, 2010. http://blog.twitter.com/2010/10/newtwitterceo.html. 
  25. ^ NASA Extends the World Wide Web Out Into Space. NASA media advisory M10-012, Januay 22, 2010 Archived
  26. ^ Beaumont, Claudine (February 23, 2010). "Twitter users send 50 million tweets per day". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/7297541/Twitter-users-send-50-million-tweets-per-day.html. 
  27. ^ "Twitter registers 1,500 per cent growth in users". 4 March 2010. http://www.newstatesman.com/digital/2010/03/twitter-registered-created. Retrieved March 5, 2010. 
  28. ^ "Big Goals, Big Game, Big Records". blog.twitter.com. 18 June 2010. http://blog.twitter.com/2010/06/big-goals-big-game-big-records.html. Retrieved 4 August 2010. 
  29. ^ http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/
  30. ^ Miller, Claire Cain (18 June 2010). "Sports Fans Break Records on Twitter". The New York Times. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/sports-fans-break-records-on-twitter/. Retrieved 19 June 2010. 
  31. ^ Shiels, Maggie (2009-06-26). "Technology | Web slows after Jackson's death". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8120324.stm. Retrieved 2010-09-26. 
  32. ^ "Twitter Acquires Atebits, Maker of Tweetie". The New York Times. 11 April 2010. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/09/twitter-acquires-atebits-maker-of-tweetie/. Retrieved 12 April 2010. 
  33. ^ "How Twitter Will Change the Way We Live". Time. June 5, 2009. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1902604,00.html. Retrieved August 21, 2009. 
  34. ^ Stutzman, Fred (April 11, 2007). "The 12-Minute Definitive Guide to Twitter". AOL Developer Network. http://dev.aol.com/article/2007/04/definitive-guide-to-twitter. Retrieved November 12, 2008. 
  35. ^ Flynn, Montana (April 8, 2009). "How To: #Hashtags on twitter (#quote, #followfriday, etc..)". Complimedia. http://blog.complimedia.com/2009/04/how-to-hashtags-on-twitter-quote-followfriday-etc/. Retrieved June 17, 2009. [dead link]
  36. ^ Strachan, Donald (February 19, 2009). "Twitter: how to set up your account". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/4698589/Twitter-how-to-set-up-your-account.html. Retrieved June 14, 2009. 
  37. ^ "Twitter Lists!". help.twitter.com. November 9, 2009. http://help.twitter.com/forums/10711/entries/76460. Retrieved February 1, 2010. 
  38. ^ http://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2010/01/26/alumnus-sends-first-tweet-from-space/
  39. ^ Andrews, Robert (March 27, 2009). "Twitter brings back UK SMS; Vodafone first, others to follows". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/pda/2009/mar/27/twitter-socialnetworking1. Retrieved June 7, 2009. 
  40. ^ "Blog.Twitter.com". Blog.Twitter.com. November 16, 2009. http://blog.twitter.com/2009/11/another-first-in-uk.html. Retrieved March 28, 2010. 
  41. ^ "Twitter, Bharti Airtel tie-up to activate Twitter SMS service in Indi". India: TopNews. Thu, 15/10/2009 – 11:45. http://www.topnews.in/twitter-bharti-airtel-tieup-activate-twitter-sms-service-india-2224961. Retrieved December 18, 2009. 
  42. ^ "SMStweet :: Send Twitter Message using SMS in India". India. http://www.smstweet.in/. Retrieved April 3, 2010. 
  43. ^ "Tweeting via SMS is in, the way it should be". India: Daily News and Analysis. Thursday, December 17, 2009 9:22 IS. http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report_tweeting-via-sms-is-in-the-way-it-should-be_1324562. Retrieved December 18, 2009. 
  44. ^ "gladlyCast >> Update Twitter or Plurk by sending an SMS to a Singapore or Malaysia local number". Singapore. http://gladlycast.com/. Retrieved April 3, 2010. 
  45. ^ Wauters, Robin (May 6, 2009). "TechCrunch.com". TechCrunch.com. http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/05/06/url-shortening-wars-twitter-ditches-tinyurl-for-bitly. Retrieved March 28, 2010. 
  46. ^ a b c Kelly, Ryan, ed (August 12, 2009). "Twitter Study – August 2009" (PDF). Twitter Study Reveals Interesting Results About Usage. San Antonio, Texas: Pear Analytics. http://www.pearanalytics.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Twitter-Study-August-2009.pdf. Retrieved Jun 3, 2010 
  47. ^ Boyd, Danah (August 16, 2009). "Twitter: "pointless babble" or peripheral awareness + social grooming?". http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2009/08/16/twitter_pointle.html. Retrieved September 19, 2009. 
  48. ^ "Twitter.com – Traffic Details from Alexa". Alexa Internet. August 26, 2010. http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com. Retrieved August 26, 2010. 
  49. ^ Kazeniac, Andy (February 9, 2009). "Social Networks: Facebook Takes Over Top Spot, Twitter Climbs". Compete.com. http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/. Retrieved February 17, 2009. 
  50. ^ McGiboney, Michelle (March 18, 2009). "Twitter's Tweet Smell of Success". Nielsen. http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/twitters-tweet-smell-of-success/. Retrieved April 5, 2009. 
  51. ^ Hoffman, Stefanie (April 29, 2009). "Twitter Quitters Outnumber Those Who Stay, Report Finds". United Business Media. http://www.crn.com/security/217200834;jsessionid=0AQSMPNH52QRQQSNDLOSKHSCJUNN2JVN. Retrieved April 29, 2009. 
  52. ^ "Publishing web content to Twitter". Goss Interactive. February 16, 2010. http://www.gossinteractive.com/twitterfeed. Retrieved Feb 16, 2010. 
  53. ^ "Inside Twitter Clients – an analysis of 500 million tweets". Sysomos. Nov, 2009. http://www.sysomos.com/insidetwitter/clients. Retrieved Aug 23, 2010. 
  54. ^ "Twitter Applications and OAuth". Twitter. August 30, 2010. http://blog.twitter.com/2010/08/twitter-applications-and-oauth.html. Retrieved Sep 13, 2010. 
  55. ^ a b Miller, Claire Cain (August 25, 2009). "Who’s Driving Twitter’s Popularity? Not Teens". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/technology/internet/26twitter.html. Retrieved September 18, 2009. 
  56. ^ Lipsman, Andrew (September 2, 2009). "What Ashton vs. CNN Foretold About the Changing Demographics of Twitter". comScore. http://blog.comscore.com/2009/09/changing_demographics_of_twitter.html. Retrieved September 18, 2009. 
  57. ^ Cheng, Alex; Evans, Mark (June 2009). "An In-Depth Look Inside the Twitter World". http://www.sysomos.com/insidetwitter/. Retrieved June 17, 2010. 
  58. ^ Bluff Brian (May 2010). accessdate=Sept. 22, 2010 "Who Uses Twitter?". http://www.site-seeker.com/_blogs/who-uses-twitter-demographic/ accessdate=Sept. 22, 2010. 
  59. ^ a b "Twitter Raises Over $35M in Series C". MarketingVOX. February 16, 2009. http://www.marketingvox.com/twitter-raises-over-35m-in-series-c-043192//. Retrieved June 17, 2009. 
  60. ^ Womack, Brian (November 12, 2008). "Twitter Shuns Venture-Capital Money as Startup Values Plunge". Bloomberg L.P. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=afu06n0L7LZ4. Retrieved November 12, 2008. 
  61. ^ Miller, Claire Cain (October 16, 2008). "Twitter Sidelines One Founder and Promotes Another". The New York Times. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/ttwitter-sidelines-one-founder-and-promotes-another/#more-1642. Retrieved November 5, 2008. 
  62. ^ Snyder, Bill (March 31, 2008). "Twitter: Fanatical users help build the brand, but not revenue". The Industry Standard. http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/03/28/twitter-fanatical-users-help-build-brand-not-revenue. Retrieved May 7, 2008. 
  63. ^ Miller, Claire (June 19, 2009). "Twitter Plans to Offer Shopping Advice and Easy Purchasing". The New York Times. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/twitter-plans-to-offer-shopping-advice-and-easy-purchasing/. Retrieved June 20, 2009. 
  64. ^ Arthur, Charles (April 13, 2010). "Twitter unveils 'promoted tweets' ad plan". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google. Retrieved May 26, 2010. 
  65. ^ Kimberley, Sara (2010-04-13). "Twitter debuts 'Promoted Tweets' ad platform". Media Week. http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/996226/Twitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform/. Retrieved 2010-06-01. [dead link]
  66. ^ Stone, Biz (July 15, 2007). "Twitter, Even More Open Than We Wanted". Twitter. http://blog.twitter.com/2009/07/twitter-even-more-open-than-we-wanted.html. Retrieved May 7, 2008. 
  67. ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/google-groupon-deal
  68. ^ Gomes, Lee (June 22, 2009). "The Pied Piper of Pay". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0622/software-internet-innovation-digital-tools.html. Retrieved June 16, 2009. 
  69. ^ ryan king (September 25, 2009). "Twitter on Ruby". http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2009/09/24/ree/. Retrieved October 31, 2009. "We recently migrated Twitter from a custom Ruby 1.8.6 build to a Ruby Enterprise Edition release candidate, courtesy of Phusion. Our primary motivation was the integration of Brent's MBARI patches, which increase memory stability." 
  70. ^ Payne (January 16, 2008). "Announcing Starling". Twitter. Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080120141113/http://dev.twitter.com/2008/01/announcing-starling.html. Retrieved January 11, 2009. 
  71. ^ Venners, Bill (April 3, 2009). "Twitter on Scala". Artima Developer. http://www.artima.com/scalazine/articles/twitter_on_scala.html. Retrieved June 17, 2009. 
  72. ^ "API Documentation". Google Groups. http://groups.google.com/group/twitter-development-talk/web/api-documentation. Retrieved May 8, 2008. 
  73. ^ "Twitter API Wiki / FrontPage". Apiwiki.twitter.com. http://apiwiki.twitter.com/. Retrieved 2010-09-18. 
  74. ^ Stone, Biz (April 30, 2009). "Twitter Search for Everyone!". Twitter. http://blog.twitter.com/2009/04/twitter-search-for-everyone.html. Retrieved May 7, 2008. 
  75. ^ Walker, Rob (February 15, 2009). "Fail Whale". Consumed (New York Times Magazine): p. 17. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/magazine/15wwln_consumed-t.html?_r=2. Retrieved February 15, 2009. 
  76. ^ Whyte, Murray (June 1, 2008). "Tweet, tweet there's been an earthquake; How an online social network chirpily called Twitter is becoming anything but trivial". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/News/Ideas/article/434826. Retrieved June 1, 2008. 
  77. ^ "Twitter growing pains cause lots of downtime in 2007". Pingdom. December 19, 2007. http://royal.pingdom.com/2007/12/19/twitter-growing-pains-cause-lots-of-downtime-in-2007/. Retrieved June 17, 2009. 
  78. ^ Dorsey, Jack (January 15, 2008). "MacWorld". Twitter. http://blog.twitter.com/2008/01/macworld.html. Retrieved May 7, 2008. 
  79. ^ Kuramoto, Jake (January 15, 2008). "MacWorld Brings Twitter to its Knees". Oracle AppsLab. http://theappslab.com/2008/01/15/macworld-brings-twitter-to-its-knees/. Retrieved May 7, 2008. 
  80. ^ "Changes for Some SMS Users—Good and Bad News". Twitter (blog). August 13, 2008. http://blog.twitter.com/2008/08/changes-for-some-sms-usersgood-and-bad.html. Retrieved June 14, 2009. 
  81. ^ Dorsey, Jack (May 23, 2008). "Twitter IM down May 23rd–May 24th". Get Satisfaction. http://getsatisfaction.com/twitter/topics/twitter_im_down_may_23rd_may24th. Retrieved July 29, 2008. 
  82. ^ Williams, Evan (October 10, 2008). "IM: Not coming soon". Twitter status blog. http://status.twitter.com/post/53978711/im-not-coming-soon. Retrieved December 31, 2008. 
  83. ^ Siegler, MG (June 12, 2009). "Twitter Moves Up The Twitpocalypse. All Hell May Break Loose Today.". TechCrunch. http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/06/12/all-hell-may-break-loose-on-twitter-in-2-hours/. Retrieved July 18, 2009. 
  84. ^ O'Brien, John (June 24, 2009). "The age of the Twitpocalypse". news.com.au. News Limited. http://blogs.news.com.au/techblog/index.php/news/comments/macchat_2009_the_age_of_the_twitpocalypse/56653. Retrieved July 13, 2009. 
  85. ^ Parr, Ben (September 21, 2009). "Twitpocalypse II: Twitter Apps Might Break Tomorrow". http://mashable.com/2009/09/21/twitpocalypse-ii-update/. Retrieved September 23, 2009. 
  86. ^ Claburn, Thomas (August 6, 2009). "Twitter Downed By Denial Of Service Attack". InformationWeek. http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/attacks/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=219100308. Retrieved August 6, 2009. 
  87. ^ "Web attack 'aimed at one blogger'". BBC News. August 7, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8189162.stm. Retrieved August 7, 2009. 
  88. ^ "CNN: Twitter attacked". Edition.cnn.com. December 18, 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/12/18/twitter.hacked/index.html. Retrieved March 28, 2010. 
  89. ^ "Twitter Privacy Policy". Twitter. May 14, 2007. http://twitter.com/privacy/. Retrieved March 11, 2009. 
  90. ^ Hansell, Saul (July 16, 2009). "Advertisers Are Watching Your Every Tweet". The New York Times. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/advertisers-are-watching-your-every-tweet/. Retrieved July 17, 2009. 
  91. ^ Gilbertson, Scott (June 11, 2007). "Twitter Vulnerability: Spoof Caller ID To Take Over Any Account". Webmonkey. http://www.webmonkey.com/blog/Twitter_Vulnerability:_Spoof_Caller_ID_To_Take_Over_Any_Account. Retrieved April 6, 2009. [dead link]
  92. ^ Leyden, John (March 6, 2009). "Twitter SMS spoofing still undead". The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/06/twitter_sms_spoofing_risk/. Retrieved June 17, 2009. 
  93. ^ Stone, Biz (January 5, 2009). "Monday Morning Madness". http://blog.twitter.com/2009/01/monday-morning-madness.html. Retrieved June 17, 2009. 
  94. ^ Bellantoni, Christina; Stephen Dinan (January 5, 2009). "Obama's Twitter site hacked?". The Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/05/obamas-twitter-site-hacked/. Retrieved January 5, 2009. 
  95. ^ "Twitter power players get shiny 'verified' badges". June 12, 2009. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10263759-36.html. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  96. ^ Ostrow, Adam (May 10, 2010). "Twitter Bug Lets You Control Who Follows You". Mashable. http://mashable.com/2010/05/10/twitter-follow-bug/. Retrieved May 11, 2010. 
  97. ^ Gonsalves, Antone. "Twitter, Feds Settle Security Charges – Social Network Privacy". InformationWeek. http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=225701450&subSection=Privacy. Retrieved 2010-09-18. 
  98. ^ a b c "BBC News – Twitter scrambles to block worms". bbc.co.uk. September 21, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11382469. Retrieved 21 September 2010. 
  99. ^ a b c "17-year-old Australian Boy, Japanese Developer Take Blame for Twitter Meltdown". mashable.com. http://mashable.com/2010/09/22/twitter-meltdown-17-year-old/. Retrieved 22 September 2010. 
  100. ^ "Twitter flaw pumps out spam links". BBC. 21 September 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11382469. Retrieved 21 September 2010. 
  101. ^ "Twitter Status – XSS attack identified and patched.". status.twitter.com. http://status.twitter.com/post/1161435117/xss-attack-identified-and-patched. Retrieved 21 September 2010. 
  102. ^ "Kiwi link to Twitter 'mouseover' chaos". New Zealand Herald. 2010-09-22. ISSN 1170-0777. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10675311. Retrieved 2010-09-22. 
  103. ^ "Twitter / OpenSource". Twitter.com. http://twitter.com/about/opensource. Retrieved 2010-06-01. 
  104. ^ a b c d "About Twitter's Link Service ". http://support.twitter.com/entries/109623. Retrieved 2010-09-03. 
  105. ^ a b c "Twitter Blog: Links and Twitter: Length Shouldn’t Matter". http://blog.twitter.com/2010/06/links-and-twitter-length-shouldnt.html. Retrieved 2010-09-03. 
  106. ^ "Twitter tightens grip on own firehose". http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/09/02/twitter_ipad_app_and_url_shortener/. Retrieved 2010-09-03. 
  107. ^ "Twitter Switches From TinyURL To Bit.ly". http://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-switches-from-tinyurl-to-bitly-2009-5. Retrieved 2010-09-05. 
  108. ^ "What’s happening? A lot, says Twitter COO | Tech Blog | FT.com". Blogs.ft.com. November 20, 2009. http://blogs.ft.com/techblog/2009/11/whats-happening-a-lot-says-twitter-coo/. Retrieved March 28, 2010. 
  109. ^ "Twitter Blog: What's Happening?". Blog.twitter.com. November 19, 2009. http://blog.twitter.com/2009/11/whats-happening.html. Retrieved March 28, 2010. 
  110. ^ Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), "The 100 Greatest Movies, TV shows, Albums, Books, Character, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends that entertained us over the past 10 years". Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080):74-84
  111. ^ "The coming Twitter News Network". financialpost.com. November 22, 2010. http://business.financialpost.com/2010/11/23/fp-tech-desk-the-coming-twitter-news-network/. Retrieved November 23, 2010. 
  112. ^ "Twitter As News-wire". blog.twitter.com. July 29, 2008. http://blog.twitter.com/2008/07/twitter-as-news-wire.html. Retrieved November 23, 2010. 
  113. ^ Lavallee, Andrew (March 16, 2007). "Friends Swap Twitters, and Frustration". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117373145818634482-ZwdoPQ0PqPrcFMDHDZLz_P6osnI_20080315.html. Retrieved May 7, 200 8. 
  114. ^ Jason, Pontin (April 22, 2007). "From Many Tweets, One Loud Voice on the Internet". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/business/yourmoney/22stream.html. Retrieved June 21, 2009. 
  115. ^ Thompson, Clive (September 5, 2009). "I'm So Totally, Digitally Close to You". The New York Times Magazine. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/magazine/07awareness-t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all. Retrieved August 22, 2009. 
  116. ^ Lewis, Nick (April 16, 2009). "Tweet this: It's the year of the Twitte r". The Vancouver Sun. http://www.vancouversun.com/Entertainment/Tweet+this+year+Twitter/1470046/story.html. Retrieved April 13, 2009. [dead link]
  117. ^ Cohen, Noam (June 20, 2009). "Twitter on the Barricades: Six Lessons Learned". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/weekinreview/21cohenweb.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved June 21, 2009. 
  118. ^ Goldsmith, Belinda (April 29, 2009). "Many Twitters are quick quitters: study". Reuters (Thompson Reuters). http://www.reuters.com/article/deborahCohen/idUSTRE53S1A720090429. Retrieved April 29, 2009. 
  119. ^ "13th Annual Webby Special Achievement Award Winners". Webby Awards. http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/specialachievement13.php/#twitter. Retrieved May 5, 2009. 
  120. ^ Paul, Ian (May 5, 2009). "Jimmy Fallon Wins Top Webby: And the Winners Are PC World May 5, 2009". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/164374/jimmy_fallon_wins_top_webby_and_the_winners_are.html. Retrieved May 5, 2009. 
  121. ^ Carvin, Andy (February 28, 2009). "Welcome to the Twitterverse". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101265831. Retrieved May 16, 2009. 
  122. ^ "Brian Williams". Comedy Central. February 26, 2009. http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=219509&title=Brian-Williams. Retrieved March 5, 2009. 
  123. ^ "Twitter Frenzy". Comedy Central. March 2, 2009. http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=219519&title=twitter-frenzy. Retrieved March 3, 2009. 
  124. ^ http://www.socialtimes.com/2010/04/time-magazines-social-influence-index-led-by-obama-gaga-kutcher/
  125. ^ Trudeau, Garry (March 2, 2009). http://www.doonesbury.com/strip/dailydose/index.html?uc_full_date=20090302. The Washington Post. http://www.doonesbury.com/strip/dailydose/index.html?uc_full_date=20090302. Retrieved March 4, 2009. 
  126. ^ Faure-Brac, Josh (March 16, 2009). "Twouble with Twitters // Current". SuperNews!. http://current.com/items/89891774_twouble-with-twitters.htm. Retrieved April 8, 2009. 
  127. ^ Post Store (August 21, 2010). "South Korea tries to block Twitter messages from North". Washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/20/AR2010082005741.html. Retrieved 2010-09-18. 
  128. ^ a b August 19, 2010 Zachary Sniderman View Comments (2010-08-19). "North Korea's Newly Launched Twitter Account Banned by South Korea". Mashable.com. http://mashable.com/2010/08/19/north-korea-twitter-banned/. Retrieved 2010-09-18. 
  129. ^ a b Boyd, Clark (2010-08-18). "BBC News – North Korea creates Twitter and YouTube presence". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11007825. Retrieved 2010-09-18. 
  130. ^ Chinese woman, Cheng Jianping, sentenced to a year in labor camp over Twitter post Aliyah Shahid, 2010 11 18, NY Daily News, via www.nydailynews.com on 2010 11 18
  131. ^ [1] washingtonpost.com on 2010 12 06
  132. ^ Twitter Appears to Censor WikiLeaks-Related Trends osnews.com on 2010 12 06
  133. ^ Twitter May be Censoring WikiÑeaks osdir.com on 2010 12 06
  134. ^ [2]

[edit] External links

Look up twitter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Twitter
Info Category: ,